- •Class nouns
- •Names of persons
- •Geographical names
- •Miscellaneous proper names
- •Set expressions
- •Some syntactic relations
- •Parts of the day
- •Names of seasons and names of meals
- •"School, college, bed, prison, jail; sea; town, wind, weather, life"
- •Names of diseases and names of languages
- •Certain adjectives, pronouns and numerals
- •The oblique moods subjunctive I
- •Subjunctive II
- •The conditional mood
- •In complex sentences. Real conditions.
- •The suppositional mood
- •The verbals the triple nature of the participle, its tense and voice
- •The functions of p1 & p2
- •The objective participial construction
- •The subjective participial construction
- •The nominative absolute participial construction, the prepositional absolute participial construction
- •The absolute constructions without a participle
- •Double nature of the gerund, its tense and voice
- •Predicative constructions with the gerund
- •The use of the gerund
- •The functions of the gerund
- •The gerund & the participle. The gerund & the infinitive. The gerund & the verbal noun
- •The double nature of the infinitive, its tense, aspect and voice
- •The functions of the infinitive
- •The objective-with-the-infinitive construction
- •The subjective infinitive construction.
- •Syntax the word order
- •Position of the object, the attribute, the adverbial modifiers
- •The subject
- •"It" as the subject of the sentence
- •The predicate
- •The compound verbal predicate. Mixed types
- •Agreement of the predicate with the subject
- •The object
- •The complex object. The cognate object
- •The attribute
- •The adverbial modifier
- •Detached parts of the sentence. The independent elements
- •The simple sentence
- •The compound sentence
- •The complex sentence
- •Attributive and adverbial clauses
- •The rules of the sequence of tenses
- •Indirect speech (statements, questions)
- •Indirect orders and requests, offers, suggestions and advice, indirect exclamations
The functions of the infinitive
Subject (To doubt everything is the lot of philosophers). It can be rendered in Russian by an infinitive, a noun or a clause. The subject follows the predicate when the sentence begins with the introductory "It" (It was pleasant to see you again).
Predicative (My intention is to find the truth). The I can also be part of the predicate (The truth is not easy to discover).
Part of a Compound Verbal Predicate. It can be part of a CV modal predicate (I must not leave this place) or part of a CV aspect predicate (with verbs denoting beginning, duration or end of the action) (She ceased to talk).
Object (She learned to sing in a music school). After the verbs "to allow, to order, to ask, to beg, to regard, to implore, to teach, to instruct" very often to objects can be found, one of which is expressed by an I (He allowed his daughter to get married). Sometimes the I can be preceded by the introductory object "it" (They found it easy to get along).
Part of a Complex Object (I've never seen them play so well before).
Attribute (I have no time to read such rubbish). It's rendered in Russian by an infinitive, a subordinate clause or a finite verb serving as the predicate of a simple sentence. The I used as an attribute often has a modal meaning (it expresses an action thought as obligatory or possible) (There must be a lot of things to make you happy). Sometimes it implies an idea of purpose (It's a nice band to listen to).
Adverbial Modifier. AM of purpose (can be introduced by "in order, so as") (I came here to ask you something), AM of result (mostly occurs after adjectives modified by the adverbs "enough, too", rarely "so (such)… as") (He was smart enough to buy that; He was so witty as to find what to say), AM of comparison (manner) (introduced by the conjunctions "as if, as though"), in most cases the additional meaning of purpose is implied (He opened his mouth as if to pronounce something), AM of attendant circumstances (He went away only to return in some time).
Parenthesis (To tell the truth, I find her adorable).
The objective-with-the-infinitive construction
The OWTIC is a construction in which the I is in predicate relation to a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case. It has the function of a Complex Object (I've never seen him reconsider his decision). In Russian a subordinate clause is used.
The OWTIC is used: 1) After verbs denoting sense perception such as "to hear, to see, to watch, to feel, to observe, to notice, etc." (I watched her enter the room), if the meaning is passive the P2 is used (I saw the house slowly built); 2) After verbs denoting mental activity ("to know, to feel, to think, to consider, to believe, to suppose, to expect, to imagine, to find, etc."), the verb "to be" is generally used after such verbs in the OWTIC (I know her to be friendly); 3) After the verbs of declaring ("to pronounce, to declare, to report") (She declared him to be the nicest person in the world); 4) After verbs denoting wish and intention ("to want, to wish, to intend, to desire, to mean, to choose") (She desired him to speak to her); 5) After verbs and expressions denoting feeling and emotion ("to love, to hate, to (dis)like, can't bear, etc.") (I can't bear her to speak about him); 6) After verbs denoting order and permission ("to order, to allow, to suffer, to have, etc."), with a noun or a pronoun denoting a lifeless thing or when the I is passive (except the verbs "to have, to suffer") (He ordered his dinner to be brought to him; I won't have you speak like that to her); 7) After verbs denoting compulsion ("to make (заставить), to get, to have, to cause") (The sound made me turn my head); 8) After verbs requiring prepositions (mostly "for", sometimes "on, upon" after the verb "to rely") (I rely on you to come here at nine).