Neologisms and nonce words.

Ns are new words which name new notions. They’re neutral, very often terminological Ns (collider). Stylistic is interested in so-called st nonce words. They perform 2 important functions: they bring out some additional feature of a thing; they show one’s attitude to some events or persons (anti-novel, antiplay, anti-hero). They characterize new phenomena in literature. A prime ministres’s country, he’s a man with a mego bark in his pocket. Some nonce words are called occasionalisms. They’re situational Ns very emotional and expressive. The speaker produces them for one occasion by analogy with those word-building means that exist in the lang by affixation or convertion. Very often they’re compact, witty and convey the idea in the shortest way possible. (She was waiting for smth to happen or for everything to unhappen) (She was a young and unbeautiful woman).

Slang.

Some linguists when characterizing the most conspicuous feature of slang point out that it requires continuous innovation. It easily grows stale. If a slang word or phrase doesn’t become stale it’s replaced by a new slangism. It’s claimed that they satisfy –the natural desire for newly created words and expressions, which give to an utterance emotional colouring and a subjunctive evaluation. The term “slang” is widely used in English linguistic science. It’s used for such forms of the English voc which are either mispronounced or distorted in some way phonetically, morphologically or lexically. S is nothing but a derivation from the established norm of the level of the voc . According to some linguists there’re many kinds of slang: cockney, commercial, theatrical, military, parliamentary. Though it’s regarded by some purists as a lang that stands below standards. It’s highly praised nowadays as vivid, more flexible, more picturesque. Some scientists come to the idea that S is a universal term for any word which though not yet recognized as a fact of standard English has one general recognition as a fresh innovation, quite irrespective of its nature. There’s a tendency in some modern dictionaries to replace the label “slang” by informal, colloquial, such practiced clearly manifests the dissatisfaction of some lexicographers with the term “slang”.

Professionalisms.

The words used in a definite trade or calling by people connected by common interests both at work and at home. Profs name new already existing concepts or tools. the main feature of profs is its technicality. Profs generally remain in circulation with a definite community. The semantic structure of the term is usually transparent and is easily understood. The semantic structure of a prof is often deemed by the image on which the meaning is based. Very often they are monosemantic (tin-fish - submarine). Some profs like terms become popular and gradually lose their prof flavor. Profs shouldn’t be mixed up with jargonisms because they’re not connected with secrecy, they fulfill a socially useful function in communication, facilitating quick and adequate grasp of the message. Profs are used in emotive prose to depict the natural speech of the character. The skillful use of prof words will show not only the vocation of the character but also his education, breeding, environment. It’s often used for speech characterization.

Colloquial words.

C coinages unlike those of literary and bookish character are spontaneous. Not all of the cs words are fixed in dictionaries. Most of them disappear from the lang having no trace in it. Unlike literary bookish coinages nonce words of a C nature are not usually built by means of affixes but are based on certain semantic changes. But mew literary coinages will always bear the brand of individual creation and will therefore have more or less precise semantic boundaries.

SEMINAR.

Meaning from a stylistic point of view.

Some linguists think that meaning is extralinguistic term. Jacobson- semantic invariant. The term is rather ambiguous. Interrelation between meaning and concept, sign and referent. No communication will be possible if the meaning is stable. Meaning should be stable at a given period of time. For stylistics contextual meaning is important. Lexical meaning refers to some phenomena,

grammatical- structure. There’re different classifications of meanings: morphological, semantic,

stylistic, logical. The M is a kind of metonymy . polysematicism. Lexical meaning is conventional.

Logical meaning-direct and referential naming of some concept.

Emotive –refers to feelings and emotions of the speaker

Nominal- indicates the particular object out of the class.