- •1. Formulate the basic approaches for the definition of the concepts of science and scientific knowledge. Сформулируйте основные подходы к определению понятий наука и научное знание.
- •2. Identify the features of science. Сформулируйте отличительные признаки науки.
- •3. Relate the science as a system, its features and structure. Расскажите о науке как
- •4. Consider the development of science. Рассмотрите процессы развития науки.
- •5. Formulate the goals and objectives of science. Сформулируйте цели и задачи науки.
- •6. Relate about the subjects and objects of science. Расскажите о субъектах и объектах науки.
- •7. Consider the classification of sciences. Рассмотрите классификацию наук.
- •8. Relate the characteristics of modern science. Расскажите о характерных особенностях современной науки.
- •9. Relate the aims and objectives of the researches and their classification on various
- •10. Formulate the basic requirements for scientific research. Сформулируйте основные
- •11. Relate the forms and methods of scientific research. Расскажите о формах и методах научного исследования.
- •12. Examine the theoretical level of research and its main elements. Рассмотрите теоретический уровень исследования и его основные элементы.
- •13. Consider the level of empirical research and its features. Рассмотрите эмпирический уровень исследования и его особенности.
- •14. Relate the stages of research. Расскажите об этапах научно-исследовательской работы.
- •15. Relate the correct organization of research work. Расскажите о правильной организации научно-исследовательской работы.
- •16. Relate the methodology of scientific knowledge and its levels. Расскажите о методологии научного знания и ее уровнях.
- •17. Consider the methods, techniques and procedures of scientific knowledge. Рассмотрите методы, способы и методики научного знания.
- •18. Examine the classification of scientific methods of cognition. Рассмотрите
- •19. Consider the general logical, theoretical and empirical methods of research. Рассмотрите общелогические, теоретические и эмпирические методы исследования.
- •20. Relate the features of the formulation of research issue. Расскажите об особенностях формулирования темы научного исследования.
- •21. Specify the criteria applicable to the issue of scientific research. Сформулируйте
- •22. Relate the problem statement of research and its stages. Расскажите о постановке проблемы исследования и ее этапах.
- •23. Consider the features of determining of the goals and objectives of the study. Рассмотрите особенности определения целей и задач исследования.
- •24. Relate the planning of scientific research. Расскажите о планировании научного исследования.
- •26. Describe the subjects and objects of scientific study. Охарактеризуйте субъекты и объекты научного исследования.
- •27. Interpretation of the basic concepts used in the research work. Интерпретация основных понятий, используемых в научно-исследовательской работе.
- •28.Relate the development of the plan of research and its kinds. Расскажите о разработке плана научно-исследовательской работы и его видах
- •29. Consider peculiarities of the analysis of theoretical and experimental studies. Рассмотрите особенности проведения анализа теоретико-экспериментальных исследований.
- •30. Consider the features of conclusions stating based on the results of research work.
- •31. Consider the concepts of information and scientific information. Рассмотрите понятия информация и научная информация.
- •32. Consider the properties of scientific information. Рассмотрите свойства научной
- •33. Formulate the basic requirements for scientific information. Рассмотрите основные требования, предъявляемые к научной информации.
- •34. Relate the sources of scientific information and their classification on various
- •35. Relate the working with sources of information. Расскажите о работе с источниками информации.
- •36. Relate the Universal Decimal Classification. Расскажите об универсальной
- •37. Relate the features of bookwork as a source of scientific information. Расскажите об особенностях работы с книгой как источником научной информации.
- •38. Рассмотрите особенности ведения записей при работе с источниками научной информации.
- •39. Holographic analysis as a method of processing of scientific information.
- •40. Content analysis as a method of processing of scientific information. Контент анализ
- •41. Critical analysis as a method for processing scientific information. Критический
- •42. Comprehensive (complex) analysis as a method for processing scientific information. Комплексный анализ как метод обработки научной информации.
- •43. Review analysis as a method of processing of scientific information. Обзорный
- •44. The method of analysis as a method for processing scientific information. Метод анализа как метод обработки научной информации.
- •45. The method of deconstruction as a method of treatment of scientific information.
- •46. Axiomatic method as a method of treatment of scientific information. Аксиоматический метод как метод обработки научной информации.
- •47. Method of apperception as a method of treatment of scientific information. Метод апперципирования как метод обработки научной информации.
- •48. Diachromatic method as a method of treatment of scientific information. Диахроматический метод как метод обработки научной информации.
- •49. Aspect (facet) analysis as a method of processing of scientific information. Аспективный анализ как метод обработки научной информации.
- •50. Hermeneutical analysis as a method of treatment of scientific information.
- •51. Systems analysis as a method for processing scientific information. Системный анализ как метод обработки научной информации.
- •52. Functional analysis as a method for processing scientific information.
- •53. Relate the features of patent research. Расскажите об особенностях патентных исследований.
- •54. Consider the sequence of work in the conducting of patent research. Рассмотрите последовательность работы при проведении патентных исследований.
- •55. Consider the process of implementing of the research work and its stages.
- •56. Relate the effectiveness of research. Расскажите об эффективности научных исследований.
- •57. Consider the main types of efficiency of scientific research. Рассмотрите основные виды эффективности научных исследований.
- •58. Relate the cost-effectiveness of the implementation of research developments. Расскажите об экономической эффективности от внедрения научно-исследовательских разработок.
- •59. Consider the evaluation of the effectiveness of research. Рассмотрите оценку эффективности исследований.
- •60. Consider the basic structural elements in the design of research work. Рассмотрите основные структурные элементы при оформлении научно-исследовательской работы.
- •61.Consider the basic ways to write text on the results of research work. Рассмотрите основные способы написания текста по результатам научно-исследовательской работы.
- •62. Consider the language and style of scientific and technical language. Рассмотрите язык и стиль научно-технической речи.
- •63. Consider the basic requirements for the design of tables, charts, formulas and references according to gost 7.32-2001.
- •64. Consider the basic requirements for the writing, design and defend of abstracts and reports on the results of research work.
- •65. Consider the basic requirements for the writing, design and defend of course assignment on the results of research work.
- •66. Consider the basic requirements for the writing, design and defend of master thesis.
- •67. Consider the characteristics of the organization of work in the research groups. Рассмотрите особенности организации работы в научном коллективе.
- •68. Relate the integration of science in the educational process. Расскажите об интеграции науки в учебном процессе.
16. Relate the methodology of scientific knowledge and its levels. Расскажите о методологии научного знания и ее уровнях.
Any scientific research comes true by certain receptions and methods, on certain rules.
Studies about the system of these receptions, methods and rules name methodology. Concept "methodology" in literature is used in two values:
1) totality of the methods applied in some sphere of activity (to science, politics etc.);
2) studies about the scientific method of cognition.
Every science has the methodology.
Levels of methodology:
• General methodology which is universal in relation to all sciences and which contents includes philosophical and general scientific methods of knowledge.
• Private methodology of scientific researches for group of related sciences which is formed by philosophical, general scientific and private methods of knowledge.
• Methodology of scientific researches of concrete science which contents joins philosophical, general scientific, private and special methods of knowledge.
Methods of scientific research are methods of study of the phenomena and realization of scientific research (theoretical and empiric, scientific and methods of certain sciences).
Methods of scientific research are totality of receptions, methods of realization of procedures of research search and transformation of reality.
Classification.
• Depending on the content of the studied objects: methods of natural sciences and methods of social and humanitarian research.
• On branches of science: mathematical, biological, medical, social and economic, legal, etc.
• Depending on knowledge level: methods of empirical, theoretical and metatheoretical levels
Methods of empirical level
• supervision,
• description,
• comparison,
• account,
• measurement,
• questionnaire,
• interview,
• testing,
• experiment,
• modeling, etc.
Methods of theoretical level
• axiomatic,
• hypothetical (hypothetico-deductive),
• formalization,
• abstraction,
17. Consider the methods, techniques and procedures of scientific knowledge. Рассмотрите методы, способы и методики научного знания.
Scientific knowledge is an integrated developing system, which has a rather complicated structure. Scientific method is a body of techniques for investigating phenomena and acquiring new knowledge, as well as for correcting and integrating previous knowledge. It is based on observable, empirical, measurable evidence, and subject to laws of reasoning, both deductive and inductive.
Methods of Empirical research level: Observation, Measurement, Experiment
Observation - is purposeful perception of an object due to the activities of the task.
Comparison. In a study comparing the establishment called the similarities and differences of objects and phenomena of reality.
Measurement of the set of actions performed by the means of measurements in order to find the numerical value of the measured value in the adopted units.
Experiment - a study of any phenomena by actively influencing them by creating new conditions , consistent with the purposes of research or through a change in the current process in the right direction is the most sophisticated and effective method of empirical research suggests he use the most simple empirical methods - observation , comparison and measurement.
Methods of study of the theoretical level: Idealization, Formalization, Hypothesis, Theory
Formalization - display meaningful knowledge of signs and symbolic form ( formal language ) . Last created for the exact expression of thoughts in order to exclude the possibility for ambiguous understanding . Formalization of reasoning about objects carried in the plane of operation with signs ( formulas ) , which is associated with the construction of artificial languages (the language of mathematics, logic , chemistry , etc.).
Synthesis - Connect individual aspects of the subject into a coherent whole .
Analysis - a method of knowledge by means of dismemberment or expansion of research subjects into its constituent parts .
Axiomatic method - a method of constructing a scientific theory in which some statements are made without evidence.
Abstraction - a mental distraction from nonessential properties, connections , relationships and objects selection of multiple parties interested researchers .
Deduction is reception particular conclusions based on some knowledge of general provisions .
Induction is a method of knowledge, clearly tapped on formal logical reasoning , which leads to a general conclusion on the basis of private parcels .
Methods of empirical research and theoretical levels: Analysis, Synthesis,Induction, Deduction, Analogy, Modeling, Abstracting.
Concrete scientific methods characteristic of a particular field of knowledge (mathematics, physics, etc.). In recent years, due to the integration of science there is a tendency of penetration of individual research methods from one area of knowledge to another.
Interaction of empirical and theoretical levels of the study is that:
- The set of facts is a practical basis for the theory or hypothesis;
- Facts may confirm or refute the theory;
- Scientific fact can not be formulated without a system of concepts and interpreted without theoretical concepts;
- An empirical study in modern science is predetermined by the theory.