5.09.2012

The History of English

1

The Indo-European family of languages

• The Slavonic branch (subbranches)

- east Russian Ukrainian Byelorussian

- west Polish Czech Slovak Luzic

- south Bulgarian Serbian Croatian Macedonian

• The Baltic branch

Lithunian

*Old Prussian

Lettish

• The Celtic branch

Irish

Welsh

*Cornish

Gaelic

Breton

• The Romanic branch

ALL DESCENDANCTS OF *VULGAR LATIN

French

Italian

Spanish

Portuguese

Roumanian

Reto-Roman

The Indo-Iranian Group

• The Iranian Branch

Persian

Afgan

Tadjic

• The Indian branch

Sanskrit

Modern Indian:

Hindi

Bengali

Gipsy

Panjabi

No branches (isolated)

Greek

Albanian

Armenian

*Hittie

*Tokharian

2.

The Germanic / Teutonic branch

(all descendants of Proto – Germanic Languages)

• East Germanic Subbranch

*Gothic

* Vandalic

*Burgundian

- North Germanic ( Scandinavian)

Swedish

Danish

Norwegian

Faroese

Icelandic

• West Germanic Subbranch

• Anglo – Frisian Group

Frisian ( continental English)

English

• German Group

German – high /low

Dutch ( Flemish)

Afrikaans

Yiddish

English is represented on East –Midland, London, BBC dialect (receive pronunciation ) * Cockney dialect

British English

• Australian English

• Canadian

• New- Zeland

• Scottish

• American English

American English is represented into Mid- West Standard American Standard

3.

Ancient History of Britain

-The Iberians occupied this territories in 3000 BC

Later the Scots/ The Pict occupied a bit later

The Celts : The Belgae100 BC/ The Britons 500 BC/ The Gaels 700 BC

-The Roman conquest

The J. Caesar 55 B.C -54 Bc

Clausius 433 AD

Week latin language influence ( san traces)

- The Anglo-Saxon conquest 449 AD – Germanic period

4.

The tribes	The part of England	The Kingdoms	The Main dialects
Jutes	Kent	Kent	Kentish
Saxon	South of Thames	Wessex Essex Sussex	East Saxon West Saxon
The Angles	North of the Thames	East Anglia Mercia Northumbria	Mercian Anglian Northumbrian

West Saxon + Anglian = Modern English London dialect

5.

Primary Periodization of English History by Henry Sweet

Centuries	Periods	Beginning	End
5(7) - 11	Old Englisg ( full endings)	The Germanic Settlements in 499	The Norman conquest 1066
12-15	Middle English ( leveled endings)	The Norman conquest	The introduction of book Printing 1475 Choucer’s period
16- present days	New English Modern ( lost endings)	Shakespeare’s time	…

6.

Detailed Periodization of the History of English

In 54 BC Julia Ceasar attended Britain In 408 Ad latin troupes left Britain for ever

OLD

1. Early Old English ( pre-written) 400-700. In 597 St. Augustine baptized Anglo-Saxon tribes.

2. Old English ( written) 700 – 1066. From 1066 Scandinavian invasion happened. In 1016-1042 made huge Kingdom. It is time Danelagu

MIDDLE

3. Early Middle English 1066-1350 Norman invasion/ French influence

4. Classical Middle English 1350-1475. 1350 English introduction ( restoration) in official usage. 1475 first English book were printed in Holland and William Caxon brought it.

NEW

5. Early New English 1467-1660 The Stuart’s dynasty restoration

6. Period of Normalisation ( Correctness, Neo Classical) 1660-1800

7. Late New English ( Modern English) 1880- 1945// Present day English after Second World war.

7.

The main English literature works

Old English

-Epic poem “ Beofulf”

- Venerable Bede “ the Ecclesiastical history of the English People”

Middle English

- Geoffrey Chaucer “ The Canterbury Tales”

New English

- Shakespeare’s works

-Samuel Johnson English Dictionary

8.

Main invasion.

Name of the land

The Roman Conques	54 BC – 408 AD	Britania
The Anglo-Saxon conquest	449 AD	Englelond
Scandinavian invasion	793-1042 AD	Danelagu
Norman invasion	1066	Anglia

Linguistic problems

9.

Language interaction

1. No Latin influence on the Celtic languages

2. Celtic Language moved to the farthest corners of England Anglo-Saxon ( old English)

3. Old English Old north was strong interactions between this two language

4. Late old English + Northern Dialect of French was interaction between them

5. Middle English was established with Late English(100% Germanic grammar) and French dialect (57%)

12.09.12

10.