1. Тестирование проводится по следующим разделам и темам:

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Elevation of meaning is a process of changing the meaning when:

the original meaning of the word has negative evaluative connotation and the new meaning has not.

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Degradation of meaning is the process:

when social evaluation of the notion or object denoted by the word becomes “worse”.

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Elevation of meaning is the process of:

change of meaning.

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Meaning:

А can be described as a component of the word through which a concept is communicated.

Б allows the word to denote real objects, qualities, actions and abstract notions.

В is a notion that fully defines both morphological and sound structure of the word.

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Referential approach to the study of meaning:

А was supported by F. de Saussure and his disciples.

Б states the relationships between referent, concept and symbol.

В describes meaning as the abstract category that can’t be defined only by semantic analysis.

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Motivation:

А denotes the relationship existing between the phonetic or morphemic composition of the word and its meaning.

Б shows why a word got that very name.

В explains the meaning of the word.

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Graphical motivation

А has come to existence recently.

Б is observed when there is a clear relationship between graphical and semantic structure of the word.

В never exists.

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Words can be non-motivated.

А Yes, some of them are.

Б Yes, all words are non-motivated.

В No, every word is motivated either semantically or phonetically or morphologically.

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The words hiss, whistle, gurgle are motivated:

А phonetically.

Б both phonetically and morphologically.

В semantically.

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Notion:

А is a unit of thinking.

Б can’t exist without a word expressing it.

В is the realization of concept or emotion by means of a definite language system.

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Are there words that do not express any notion?

А Yes, there are some.

Б No, there are not.

В Yes, all words do not express any notion.

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Words which do not express any notion don’t possess lexical meaning.

А No, every word possesses lexical meaning.

Б No, some of them possess.

В Yes, some of them don’t possess.

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All words have both denotative and connotative component.

А No, only some of them.

Б Yes, all words do.

В No, some of the words have only denotative components and others possess only connotative components.

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The words tide, beast, harvest are examples of the process of development of meaning due to:

А extra-linguistic causes.

Б linguistic causes.

В discrimination of synonyms.

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Metaphor is:

А gradual process when a word passes from a general sphere to some special sphere.

Б transference of a word as a name from one object onto another on the basis of similarity of both objects.

В one of the kinds of transference of the meaning.

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One of the sources of homonyms is

А euphemisms.

Б split polysemy.

В borrowings.

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Unchanged patterned homonyms (according to I.V. Arnold) are unchangeable words (prepositions, adverbs) which have identical basic form, different grammatical meaning and:

А can either have a common component in their lexical meanings or not.

Б always have a common component in their lexical meanings.

В never have a common component in their lexical meanings.

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Full lexical homonyms are those that:

А belong to the same category of parts of speech, their initial form isn’t the same but they have one identical form.

Б belong to different categories of parts of speech and have one identical form.

В represent the same category of part of speech and have the same paradigm.

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Complex partial lexico-grammatical homonyms are those that:

А belong to the same category of parts of speech, their initial form isn’t the same but they have one identical form.

Б belong to different categories of parts of speech and have one identical form.

В represent the same category of part of speech and have the same paradigm.

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Simple partial lexico-grammatical homonyms are those that:

А belong to the same category of parts of speech, their initial form isn’t the same but they have one identical form.

Б belong to different categories of parts of speech and have one identical form.

В represent the same category of part of speech and have the same paradigm.

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The words lie (lied) and lie (lay) are:

А simple partial lexico-grammatical homonyms.

Б partial lexical homonyms.

В full lexical homonyms.

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The words lie (lay) and lay (laid) are:

А simple partial lexico-grammatical homonyms.

Б complex partial lexico-grammatical homonyms.

В partial lexical homonyms.

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The words maid and made (make) are:

А simple partial lexico-grammatical homonyms.

Б are not homonyms.

В complex partial lexico-grammatical homonyms.

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The words rain and reign are:

А homonyms proper.

Б homophones.

В homographs.

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The words row (ряд) and row (ссора) are:

А homographs.

Б homonyms proper.

В homophones.

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The words bow (лук) and bow (кланяться) are:

А homophones.

Б homographs.

В homonyms proper.

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Synonyms are words:

А expressing one and the same notion.

Б characterized by their own combinability.

В coinciding in sound form and meaning.

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Synonyms:

А differ either in shades of meaning or in stylistic characteristics.

Б are characterized by the same combinability and shades of meaning.

В are words with their principal function of representing the same phenomenon in different aspects, shades and variations.

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Synonyms:

А are words of the same meaning.

Б are characterized by the same combinability and shades of meaning.

В express one and the same notion.

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To glance – to stare – to gaze – to peep – to peer are examples of:

А absolute synonyms.

Б morphological synonyms.

В ideographic synonyms.

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Synonymic dominant:

А is the same notion as denotative component which is characterized by broad meaning and lack of any additional information.

Б represents a kind of a centre of a group of synonyms and holds them together.

В consists only of denotative component and has no connotations.

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Creation of euphemisms is explained:

А by existing social and superstitious taboos.

Б by the fact that some words evoke unpleasant associations or deep subconscious fear.

В by several linguistic factors such as for example discrimination of synonyms.

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Contrary notions are:

А mutually opposed but they are graded (e.g. beautiful – ugly, old – young, love – hate).

Б mutually opposed and denying one another (e.g. alive – dead, patient – impatient).

В always in opposition to each other and are made up of derivatives (e.g. careless – careful).

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One of the additional criteria for antonyms suggested by V.N. Komissarov states that:

А two or more words shall be considered antonymous if they are regularly contrasted in actual speech.

Б there is a possibility of substitution and identical lexical valency of antonyms.

В antonyms shouldn’t differ either in style, emotional coloring or distribution.

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Semi-fixed combination permits:

А substitution of any of its elements without semantic change in the other element or elements.

Б limited number of substitutions, fixing their boundaries by stating the semantic properties of words that can be used for substitution.

В only pronominal substitution or the one which is restricted to a few synonyms for one of the members of the word group or permits no substitution.

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One of the facts on which the semantic criterion for phraseological units is based on is:

А phraseological units are restricted in substitution.

Б phraseological unit is characterized by semantic unity: it conveys a single concept.

В phraseological units can be grammatically variable though there are a few exceptions.

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One of the restrictions to structural criterion for phraseological units states that:

А the semantic shift affecting phraseological unit consists not only of a mere change of meanings of each separate constituent of the unit. The meanings of the constituents merge to produce an entirely new meaning.

Б phraseological units are used as ready-made units with fixed and constant structures and their meaning is partially or completely transferred.

В phraseological units are restricted in substitution, i.e. any meaningful component of phraseological unit can’t be substituted by another one without destroying its sense.

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One of the sources of phraseological units is:

А the pointing to the historical situation, a forgotten custom.

Б proverbs and sayings.

В translation loans.

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One of the features distinguishing proverbs and phraseological units is:

А difference in meaning.

Б difference in structure.

В the fact that phraseological units always stand for a single concept while proverbs sum up the collective experience of community.

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One of the common features of proverbs and phraseological units is that:

А they both are characterized by stability of structure and transferred meaning.

Б proverbs rather frequently originate from phraseological units and some proverbs are easily transformed into phraseological units.

В they are similar in structure.

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One of the common features of proverbs and phraseological units is that:

А they both convey one concept.

Б their structure is not stable.

В they both are characterized by stability of structure and transferred meaning.