Text 2 The art of building

Words and word-combinations to be remembered:

ferro - concrete - залізобетон

outer wall – зовнішня стіна

to be structural – бути несучою конструкцією

framework - каркас

support - несуча конструкція

to support – підтримувати, нести

interior – інтер’єр, внутрішній

refrigeration - охолодження

air-conditioning – кондиціонування повітря

labour- saving devices – прилади, які дають економію праці

construction materials – будівельні матеріали

interior decoration – внутрішнє оздоблення

to represent a harmonious blend of national and modern style – гармонійно поєднувати риси національного і сучасного стилів

Read and translate the text:

The art of building

Man's earliest structures protected him from the weather, from wild animals or from the attacks of other men.

Since that time the art of building has changed greatly, but its main object has remained protection. Now we are, living in the age of machinery, of scientific achievements, of the discovery of new sources of power and new materials. The three main materials are concrete, together with ferro-concrete (or reinforced concrete), steel and new kinds of glass. Constructions that were not possible before can now be permitted with the help, of these new materials.

Modern architecture is mainly the architecture of steel and concrete. The outer walls and the roof have lost their old importance. They are no longer structural. In the modern building it is the floor and its supports that are structural. The use of a steel framework has made it possible to construct tall buildings.

The walls which no longer have to support the structure can be of any kind of material. It is possible to build a factory in which the walls are made of any shape we like. The roofs may be flat. Changes in the interiors of buildings have also been made. Electric light, central heating, air-conditioning and refrigeration and all kinds of labour-saving devices have been installed.

We have had all these things for some time. And our modern homes have become much more comfortable than the homes of the past.

Apart from professional skill, an architect must have an extensive knowledge of all spheres of the cultural life of the people. He must know all kinds of building materials and technology provided by the building industry of today.

With glass and ferro-concrete as their construction materials and with modern synthetic materials at their disposal for interior decoration, our architects and construction workers have to erect structures which must represent a harmonious blend of national and modern style.

The architects and building workers realize that the fruits of their labour will serve not only the present generations but future ones.

Exercise 1.

What’s the English for:

залізобетон

зовнішня стіна

бути несучою конструкцією

каркас

несуча конструкція

підтримувати, нести

інтер’єр, внутрішній охолодження

кондиціонування повітря

прилади, які дають економію праці

будівельні матеріали

внутрішнє оздоблення

гармонійно поєднувати риси національного і сучасного стилів

Exercise 2.

Read the following international words and give their Ukrainian equivalents:

comfort, protection, attack, material, form, modern, structure, revolution, electric, central, journalist, concert, music, activity, geography, machine, sculptor, demonstration, regulator, elevator, accumulator, director, conductor, engineer, tourist, colonist, capitalist, leader, piano, communism, socialism.

Exercise 3.

Give nouns corresponding to the following words:

comfortable, structural, to protect, to attack, to build, to live, scientific, to achieve, to discover, glassy, possible, to support, to construct, electric.

Exercise 4.

Find in the text the antonyms to the following words:

latest, old, impossible, to dislike, to attack, after, ancient, uncomfortable, future.

Exercise 5.

Answer the following questions:

1. What is the main object in the art of building?

2. In what age are we living?

3. What are the three main materials used in construction now?

4. What form can the roofs have now?

5. What changes have been made in the interiors of houses?

6. What labour-saving devices can you name?

7. Do you live in a comfortable house?

8. What conveniences do you have?

9. Is there electric light and central heating in your flat?

10. Do you like your room? Is it warm and light?

11. What houses are more comfortable: the new ones or the old ones?

Exercise 6.

Translate the words given in brackets and read the sentences:

1. There are different styles in (архітектурі).

2. The use of prefabricated panels has brought great changes in the (мистецтві) of building.

3. New (джерела) of power have been discovered in the 20^th century.

4. Power and heat are the (головні) factors in (сучасній) industry.

5. (Кондиціонування повітря) is used for processing of materials in industry and for human comfort.

6. The chemical gas Freon is used in (заморожуванні).

7. The roof of that new building is (плоский).

8. By using these new (прилади) we can save much (праці).

9. The chicken was (подане) in a large dish.

10. Now we are living in the age of machinery, of scientific (досягнень), of the discovery of new (джерел) of power and new materials.

11. Man’s earliest structures (служити для захисту).

12. All kinds of (будівельних матеріалів) are used in (сучасній) architecture.

13. What (прилади, які дають економію праці) have appeared recently?