THE EXPLORATION OF SPACE

Words and Expressions

conceptions of interplanetary travels –	концепции межпланетных путешествий
discovery –	открытие
wandering stars –	блуждающие/странствующие звёзды
wanderer –	странник/путешественник
points of light –	точки света
marking on the face –	метки на поверхности (Луны)
an adventurous story –	приключенческий рассказ
a waterspout –	водяной смерч, водосточная труба
a pair of wings –	пара крыльев
after the fashion of Icarus –	по образцу Икара
a journey to the Moon –	путешествие к Луне (на Луну)
demonic methods of propulshion –	демонические/дьявольские способы/ методы движения вперёд /приведения в движение
natural forces –	естественные /природные силы
to undertake the task –	взять/принять на себя задачу
the new knowledge –	новые знания/познания
to reveal –	открывать, обнаруживать
inhabitants –	жители, обитатели
sound scientific principles –	правильные/здравые научные принципы
“From the Earth to the Moon” –	«От Земли к Луне»
a sufficient speed –	достаточная скорость
an enormous gun –	огромная пушка
a projectile –	снаряд, летательный аппарат, метательный заряд
velocities for the trip –	скорости для полёта/путешествия
to work out–	разрабатывать
to be equipped –	быть оснащённым
rockets for steering –	ракеты для управления
rockets can function in a vacuum –	ракета может работать в безвоздушном прострастве/вакууме
the invention –	изобретение
the rocket was invented by the Chinese –	ракета была изобретена китайцами
a firework –	фейерверк
an impressiwe but unrealiable weapon –	впечатляющее, но нереальное оружие
a launcher –	пусковая установка
to strand –	сесть на мель
offshore –	находящийся на расстоянии от берега
the principles of space flight –	принципы космического полёта
the first artificial Earth satellite –	первый искусственный спутник Земли
the principle of rocket motion –	принцип движения ракеты
the thrust remains constant –	тяга остаётся постоянной
the speed of the rocket –	скорость ракеты
the exhaust –	выхлоп, выпуск
liquied-fueled rockets –	ракеты на жидком топливе
a one-stage rocket –	одноступенчатая ракета
to travel at 20,000 mph –	передвигаться со скоростью 20000 миль в час
the velocity of escape –	скорость преодоления земного притяжения
a many-staged rocket –	многоступенчатая ракета
to develop any desirable speed –	развивать любую желаемую скорость
to circle the Earth indefinitly –	неограниченно летать вокруг Земли
succesful flights of automatic rockets –	успешные полёты автоматических ракет
a manned voyage –	пилотируемый полёт
an interplanetary ship –	межпланетный корабль
to buid-up sufficient speed –	развивать достаточную скорость
the required voyage orbit –	заданная/требуемая орбита полёта/ путешествия
the speed of escape –	скорость отделения/ преодоления силы притяжения
to watch the speed of the planet –	совпадать со скоростью планеты
to land softly –	мягко приземлиться
the return journey –	обратный путь
to undertake one-way trips –	совершать полёты в одну сторону
to increase rocket performances –	увеличивать/улучшать технические характеристики ракеты
chemical fuels –	химические топлива
to harness atomic energy –	обуздать атомную энергию
orbital refuling –	дозаправка на орбите
a manned ship –	пилотируемый/укомлектованный экипажем корабль
to visit other planets –	посещать другие планеты
the take off be vertical –	взлёт будет вертикальным
losses due to air resistance –	потери, вызванные сопротивлением воздуха
the spaceship –	космический корабль
enter a satellite orbit –	выйти на орбиту спутника
the tanker rocket –	ракета-танкер
air braking –	воздушное торможение
a berry –	паром, транспортный корабль
the orbiting mother ship –	базовый корабль на орбите
to improve the efficiency of ships –	усовершенствовать/улучшить технические данные/эффективность кораблей
to accumulate stores of fuels –	накапливать запасы топлива
technically more difficult journeys –	технически более трудные путешествия
the giant outer worlds –	гигантские внешние миры

COMMENTARY

За несколько последних десятилетий космонавтика успела произвести переворот в самых разнообразных сферах человеческой деятельности. Космические исследования внесли вклад в развитие самых разных научных дисциплин и, особенно заметный, в прогресс астрономии.

Астрономия и космонавтика идут вместе в познании тайн Вселенной.

При переводе текстов, связанных с исследованием космоса, переводчик сталкивается с проблемами перевода терминологии исследования космического пространства, устройства космических кораблей, ракет и спутников разного назначения. Переводчик использует различные приёмы, трансформации, транслитерацию и описательный перевод: a manned voyage – пилотируемый полёт; chemical fuels – химические топлива; losses due to air resistance – потери, вызванные сопротивлением воздуха и т. д.

INTRODUCTORY EXERCISES

1. Рекомендуется для устного перевода на слух:

1)a journey to the Moon; 2)velocities for the trip; 3) rockets for steering; 4) a firework; 5) a launcher; 6) the thrust remains constant; 7) the exhaust; 8) liquied-fueled rockets; 9) to travel at 20,000 mph; 10) a one-staged rocket; 11) succesful flights of automatic rockets; 12) a manned voyage; 13) an interplanetary ship; 14) to land softly; 15) the return journey; 16) to harness atomic energy; 17) orbital refuling; 18) to visit other planets; 19) the giant outer worlds.

2. Совместите словосочетания в левой и в правой колонках:

   conceptions of interplanetary travels	первый искусственный спутник Земли
   the velocity of light	послать космический корабль к звёздам
   rockets for steering	солнечная система
   demonic methods of propulshion	развивать любую желаемую скорость
   the first artificial Earth satellite	демонические способы приведения в движение
   a many-staged rocket	концепции межпланетных путешествий
   succesful flights of automatic rockets	ракеты для управления
   to develop any desirable speed	многоступенчатая ракета
   to send a spaceship to the stars	скорость света
   the Solar System	успешные полёты автоматических ракет

3. Рекомендуется для зрительно-письменного, зрительно-устного перевода, реферирования и аннотирования:

THE EXPLORATION OF SPACE

The very conception of Interplanetary travels was, of course, Impossible until it was realized that there were other planets. That discovery was much later than we sometimes imagine. Although Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn had been known, to the ancients they were simply wandering stars. (The word “planet” means “wanderer”.) The followers of Pythagoras had made a guess that the Earth was one of the planets, but this was never generally accepted. To the ancients, therefore, the idea of interplanetary travel was meaningless.

However, although the stars and planets were simply points of light, the Sun and the Moon were in a different class. Anyone could see that they had size, and the Moon had markings on its face which might be continents and seas. Therefore some philosophers believed the Moon to be a world.

Sudan of Samos, who lived In the second century before our era, wrote an adventurous story, the hero of which was taken, to the Moon in a waterspout which, caught up his ship. In his second story the hero went to the Moon by making a pair of wings after the fashion of Icarus.

The first serious story of a journey to the Moon was written by Kepler, who used demonic methods of propulsion because he knew of no natural forces that could undertake the task. Kepler knew perfectly well that there was no air between the Earth and the Moon, although he thought that the Moon itself might have an atmosphere and inhabitants. His description of the Moon was the first one to be based on the new knowledge re­vealed by the telescope. The first story to be based on sound sci­entific principles was Jules Verne's “From the Earth to the Moon”. Jules Verne knew that if a body could be thrown away from the Earth at a sufficient speed it would reach the Moon: so he built an enormous gun and fired his heroes from it in a projectile. All the calculations, times and velocities for the trip were worked out by a professor of astronomy. The projectile, by the way, was equipped, with rockets for steering. As you see Jules Verne understood that rockets could function in a vacuum.

As far as is known, the rocket was invented by the Chinese about 800 years ago. News of the invention reached Europe very quickly and for many centuries the rocket was in common use both as a firework and as an impressive but unreliable weapon. Later it was used as a launcher of lines to ships stranded offshore.

The first man to carry out a serious and mathematically sound investigation of the principles of space flight was a Russian schoolteacher K.E. Tsiolkovsky, who was born a hundred years before his country launched the first artificial Earth satellite.

The principle of rocket motion is known to everybody nowadays. If the thrust remains constant, the speed of the rocket will steadily increase, so that the final speed of the rocket may become several times greater than the speed of the thrust. The exhaust speed of modern liquid-fueled rockets is up to 6,000 mph, which is enough for a one-stage rocket to travel at 20,000 mph, only 5,000 mph less than the velocity of escape, at which a body can leave the Earth for good. The 20,000 mph on the other hand is 2,000 mph more than is needed for a body to circle the Earth indefinitely.

Theoretically speaking a many-staged rocket can develop any desirable speed. We have already witnessed successful flights of automatic rockets to Mars and Venus, but as to a manned voyage to other planets this still remains a problem. The matter is that an interplanetary ship must build-up suf­ficient speed to escape from the Earth, and when it has done this must still have enough velocity left to put it into the required voyage orbit. This means that it must start with a speed greater, than the speed of escape. When it approaches the planet of destination it must use rocket power again to match the speed of the planet and to land softly not to speak of the return journey. This latter factor makes the problem exceedingly difficult. Although there are people who for the sake of adventure or science would undoubtedly undertake one-way trips, one can hardly make serious plans on this basis. We may never be able to increase rocket performances very greatly by the use of chemical fuels. But, in time, we will be able to harness atomic energy for rocket propulsion. Another possible solution to this problem may; be orbital refuelling. Let us try to draw a picture of a manned ship to visit other planets. It will be two-or three-step rocket, with initial weight of a few hundred tons. The take off will be vertical and it is quite likely that the rocket would be launched from high ground, near the Equator to reduce losses due to air resistance. By taking off from the Equator the ship would already start with a horizontal speed of 1,000 mph, a modest but useful contribution to the 18,000 mph required. After the orbital refuelling would be complete the spaceship could accelerate out of the circular orbit. On its return to Earth the ship could either enter a satellite orbit and the crew could be brought down by the tanker rocket, or it could make a landing itself, using air braking. The advantage of the first procedure is that the spaceship would remain in its orbit in readiness for the next trip. For landing on other planets a spe­cially designed small vessel, a ferry, may be used. A ferry can be left behind the orbiting mother-ship in free orbit for use of future expeditions. After this is practically achieved the first era of interplanetary flight would, be ended. Thereafter the problem would be one of improving the efficiency of ships, building up bases on the Moon and Mars, accumulating stores of fuels at the most useful places (in free orbit as well as on the planets) and preparing for the longer and technically more difficult-journeys to the giant outer worlds and their satellites.