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SDa^\\DHlFy gH \ e\qrb[ gDfHSHgby[ !

&HSvHaguH Rrb[db nbevfD RqH\b^gu .DaDeRFv [u qlR ^HylHeb dbgR dRlRSuH \b^Heb H]R ^Re`gu [ueb RldSR\HggR b iSyfR FdDaDlv R[ wlRf

SH`bFFHS\ $ iSRbF[R^beR \RdS\] dDSlbgu gHqlR gH\HSRylgRH (sH gbdlR gH \b^He nbevfD D \`H SDa\HSg\eDFv SHdeDfgDy dDfiDgby \ fH`^\-

gDSR^gRf fDFrlD[H dDd R FDfRf \u^DxsHfFy ³ba Sy^D \Rg \u[R^ysHf y\eHgbb \ gDrHf bFd\FFl\H´ ADqHf wlR g\`gR" +Hevay lDd iRFl\iDlv

lR\DSbsb gHevay !

;S\sH\ + & %uFRdRH iSba\DgbH eblHSDl\Su 0 1963. C. 175–181.

33. < L_g^jydh\28. GZ [eZ`_gghf hkljh\_ dhffmgbafZ hlju\db ba jZkkdZaZ

Wlh [ueZ m`_ \lhjZy \klj_qZ k ijZ\bl_evkl\hf GZ i_j\mx y g_ m^h klhbeky q_klb [ulv ijb]eZr_gguf Z `Zev – hgZ ihljykeZ hq_\b^p_\

Ojms_\ lh]^Z \h \j_fy h[_^Z qlh gZau\Z_lky klj_fbl_evgh aZeh`be aZ \hjhlgbd b« ihdZlbe “\^hev Ibl_jkdhc” kh \k_c jmkkdhc m^Zevx

KgZqZeZ hg ijhklh i_j_[b\Ze \uklmiZ\rbo g_ kqblZykv k qbgZfb b Z\lhjbl_lZfb fbfhoh^hf baj_dZy khqgu_ k_gl_gpbb “MdjZbgZ – wlh \Zf

g_ `md gZ iZehqd_ ” B hkljbe lZd qlh dZ`_lky ^Z`_ djZkg_e \_qgh [e_^guc ^h a_e_gb ijb\udrbc dh \k_fm Fhehlh\

AZl_f Ojms_\ h]j_e fbfhoh^hf FZjbwllm RZ]bgyg Gbdlh b g_ aZ- ihfgbe – aZ qlh bf_ggh Ijhklh \ hl\_l gZ dZdh_-lh __ kemqZcgh_ aZf_- qZgb_ hg djbdgme \ ebph ij_klZj_ehc ibkZl_evgbp_ “: oe_[ b kZeh jmk kdh_ _^bl_ ” LZ kljhilb\h hkdhj[beZkv “Y g_ ijb\udeZ qlh[ f_gy ih

ij_dZeb dmkdhf oe_[Z ” B ^_fhgkljZlb\gh ihdbgmeZ ]hkl_ijbbfguc klhe k_eZ \ imklhc Z\lh[mk ijbgyeZkv omeblv rhn_jZf ijZ\bl_evkl\h qlh h^gZdh gbdZd g_ hljZabehkv gZ oh^_ lhj`_kl\Z«

Dj_idh aZof_e_\rbc Ojms_\ hk_^eZe l_fm b^_cghklb \ ebl_jZlmj_ – “eZdbjh\sbdb g_ lZdb_ m` iehob_ j_[ylZ« Fu g_ klZg_f pZpdZlvky k

l_fb dlh gZf bkih^lbrdZ iZdhklbl ” – ih^ \hklhj`_ggu_ \udjbdb \_j

ghih^^Zgguo ebl_jZlhjh\ dhlhju_ lml `_ ih oh^m ^_eZ klZeb mdZau\Zlv i_jklZfb gZ k\hbo kh[jZlv_\ dmkb bo GbdblZ K_j]__\bq K\hc hj]Zg

aZ\_eb – “Ebl_jZlmjgZy Fhkd\Z”!

:evfZgZo “Ebl_jZlmjgZy Fhkd\Z” [ue hkgh\Zg bgbpbZlb\ghc ]jmi

ihc ibkZl_e_c nhjfZevgh gbdhfm g_ ih^qbgyeky nZdlbq_kdb [ue ihe ghklvx ih^qbg_g dZd b \k_ i_qZlgu_ ba^Zgby dZijbaZf p_gamju l_f g_

275

f_g__ im]Ze g_aZ\bkbfhklvx DZaZd_\bq h[s_ijbagZgguc bgbpbZlhj gZ wlhl jZa ihq_fm-lh ba[_`Ze hkh[h]h \gbfZgby \_kv k\hc fhgZjrbc ]g_\ Ojms_\ g_h`b^Zggh h[jmrbe gZ FZj]Zjblm :eb]_j ih\bggmx lhevdh \ lhf qlh \f_kl_ k ^jm]bfb mqZkl\h\ZeZ \ \uimkd_ ZevfZgZoZ

–<u b^_heh]bq_kdbc ^b\_jkZgl Hlju`dZ dZiblZebklbq_kdh]h AZiZ^Z«

–GbdblZ K_j]__\bq qlh \u ]h\hjbl_" Y `_ dhffmgbkldZ qe_g iZj lbb«

OjmidZy fZe_gvdZy \ q_f ^mrZ ^_j`blky :eb]_j – q_eh\_d mf_j_g guo \a]ey^h\ Z\lhj ijZ\h\_jguo klboh\ \ fukeyo gbdh]^Z g_ ^himkdZ\ rZy dZdhc-eb[h g_^h[jh`_eZl_evghklb d ijZ\bl_evkl\m klhyeZ i_j_^

jZatyj_gguf [Z]jh\hebpuf ]eZ\hc fh]ms_kl\_ggh]h \ fbj_ ]hkm^Zjkl\Z b jh[dh lhgdbf ^_\bqvbf ]hehkhf iulZeZkv \hajZ`Zlv Gh Ojms_\ h[

ju\Ze __

– E`_l_ G_ \_jx lZdbf dhffmgbklZf <hl [_kiZjlbcghfm Kh[he_\m

\_jx

HkZgbkluc Kh[he_\ [u\rbc ^\hjygbg \uimkdgbd I_l_j[mj]kdh]h dZ^_lkdh]h dhjimkZ Z\lhj ba\_klgh]h jhfZgZ “DZiblZevguc j_fhgl”,

mk_j^gh \kdZdb\Ze mkem`eb\h \udjbdb\Ze

–<_jgh GbdblZ K_j]__\bq <_jgh G_evay bf \_jblv

–«Ijbdb^u\Z_l_kv ^jmavyfb IZdhklbl_ aZ kibghc H [mj`mZaghc

^_fhdjZlbb f_qlZ_l_ G_ \_jx \Zf

OjmidZy :eb]_j k ihf_jl\_\rbf e[hf klhyeZ \ulygm\rbkv b m`_ g_ iulZeZkv \hajZ`Zlv

«AZl_jygguc kj_^b ]hkl_c KZfmbe FZjrZd k [e_^guf \ulygmluf ebphf \j_fy hl \j_f_gb k^Z\e_ggh baj_dZe

– Qlh lZf R_dkibj R_dkibjm lZdh_ g_ kgbehkv«

« FZj]ZjblZ :eb]_j reZ d \uoh^m h^gZ d g_c [hyebkv ijb[eb- ablvky – aZde_cf_gZ ijhdZ`_gZ Ebrv <Ze_glbg H\_qdbg ^h]gZe __ ih^

o\Zlbe ih^ ehdhlv ^_fhgkljZlb\gh ih\_e

«>Z ijhreZy \klj_qZ m \k_o k\_`Z \ iZfylb K_]h^gy dZ`^uc `^_l ihy\e_gby Ojms_\Z kh `]mqbf bgl_j_khf dZd-lh hg ih\_^_l k_[y" g_ khj\_lky eb kgh\Z" : \^jm] ^Z jZkdZygv_ lhedg_l _]h \ h[jZlgmx klhjh gm – dh \k_ijhs_gbx b ex[\b" G_bkih\_^bfu imlb l\hb ]hkih^b Hl

Ojms_\Z \k_]h fh`gh `^Zlv«

Ebqgh_ fg_gb_ K[hjgbd ibkZl_evkdhc im[ebpbklbdb F K –491.

34. Jh[_jl Jh`^_kl\_gkdbc29 XghrZ gZ iehsZ^b

Hg klhbl i_j_^ Dj_fe_f. : ihlhf

\a^hogm\ ]em[hdh

276

r_iq_l hg Hlpm b ;h]m “IjbdZ`b«

B fu mfj_f ” Fheh^hc

ihem]heh^guc [^bl_evguc

agZdhfuc fg_

hg `b\_l \ kljZg_ k\h[h^ghc kZfhc jZ^hklghc

kljZg_

Ex[bl ^_lkl\h \kihfbgZlv DZ`^uc ^_gv _fm –

gZ]jZ^Z AgZ_l lh qlh gZ^h agZlv Jh\gh klhevdh

kdhevdh gZ^h

K oh^m hg \klmiZ_l \ kihj dZd-lh kjZam kZlZg_y >Z`_

kh[kl\_gguf khfg_gvyf

hg ]hlh\ ^Z\Zlv hlihj

@blv hg ohq_l g_ gZijZkgh Hg ihdeyeky `blv \ [hjv[_ <k_ _fm ij_^_evgh ykgh

\ wlhf fbj_ b \ k_[_ Ijhdeye hg

\jZ]h\ gZjh^Z <_jbl qlh \hdjm] ^jmavy KqZkleb\

«: \_^v wlh y – iylv^_kyl \lhjh]h ]h^Z

Ebqgh_ fg_gb_« K –107.

35. Ba aZibkdb k_dj_lZjy PD DIKK E N Bevbq_\Z b aZf_klbl_ey aZ\_^mxs_]h B^_heh]bq_kdbf hl^_ehf PD > : IhebdZjih\Z h gZkljh_gbyo l\hjq_kdhc bgl_eeb]_gpbb

^_dZ[jy ]

³< ihke_^g__ \j_fy ykgh \uy\bebkv g_\_jgu_ l_g^_gpbb \ bklhedh \Zgbb iheblbdb iZjlbb \ hp_gd_ y\e_gbc om^h`_kl\_gghc `bagb M hi

277

j_^_e_gghc kjZ\gbl_evgh g_[hevrhc qZklb jZ[hlgbdh\ ebl_jZlmju b bkdmkkl\Z gZ[ex^Zxlky ihiuldb ihklZ\blv ih^ khfg_gb_ e_gbgkdb_ ijbgpbiu jmdh\h^kl\Z ebl_jZlmjhc b bkdmkkl\hf dhlhju_ [ueb ih^ l\_j`^_gu \ ihke_^gb_ ]h^u \ iZjlbcguo ^hdmf_glZo« G_dhlhju_ om ^h`gbdb bah[jZ`Zxl hkm`^_gb_ hrb[hd dZd« ihiuldm aZ]emrblv ³djb lbq_kdh_´ gZijZ\e_gb_ \ l\hjq_kl\_ ibkZl_e_c b ^_yl_e_c bkdmkkl\Z klZ \yl ih^ khfg_gb_ ijZ\bevghklv iZjlbcghc djblbdb om^h`gbdh\ ^himk dZ\rbo k_jv_agu_ hrb[db«

«Ij_^klZ\ey_lky g_h[oh^bfuf hkms_kl\blv \ [eb`Zcr__ \j_fy ke_^mxsb_ f_jhijbylby

1. Him[ebdh\Zlv \ ³IjZ\^_´ j_^Zdpbhggmx klZlvx \ dhlhjhc baeh

`blv hkgh\gu_ ijbgpbiu iheblbdb iZjlbb \ h[eZklb ebl_jZlmju b bk dmkkl\Z«

2. Ihjmqblv« ih^]hlh\blv jZa\_jgmlu_ l_abku gZ l_fm ³Bkdmkkl\h b `bagv´ \ dhlhjuo baeh`blv dhj_ggu_ b^_b b ijbgpbiu fZjdkbklkdh- e_gbgkdhc wkl_lbdb´

Bklhqgbd ‹ K –148.

IJBF?Q:GBY

1 EZg^Zm E_\ >Z\u^h\bq (1908–1968) – nbabd-l_hj_lbd ZdZ^_fbd :G KKKJ (1946), =_jhc KhpbZebklbq_kdh]h Ljm^Z EZmj_Zl E_gbgkdhc b =hkm^Zjkl\_gguo ij_fbc Gh[_e_\kdhc ij_fbb :\lhj ljm^h\ \ h[eZklb nbabdb l\_j^h]h l_eZ Zlhfgh]h y^jZ b we_f_glZjguo qZklbp nbabdb ieZafu d\Zglh\hc we_dljh^bgZfbdb b l ^

2“AgZgb_-kbeZ” – _`_f_kyqguc gZmqgh-ihimeyjguc `mjgZe <k_khxagh]h h[s_kl\Z “AgZgb_”. Hkgh\Zg \ ].

3;_jby EZ\j_glbc IZ\eh\bq –1953) – iheblbq_kdbc ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguc ^_yl_ev <

1938– ]] – gZjdhf \ ] – fbgbklj \gmlj_ggbo ^_e

4FmjZ^_eb <Zgh Bevbq –1970) – dhfihablhj gZjh^guc Zjlbkl KKKJ EZm j_Zl =hkm^Zjkl\_gghc ij_fbb KKKJ :\lhj hi_j “<_ebdZy ^jm`[Z” (1947), “Hdly[jv” dZglZl kbfnhgbc i_k_g \ l q “;mo_g\Zev^kdh]h gZ[ZlZ” (1959).

5Bf_xlky \ \b^m j_r_gby ke_^mxsbo ie_gmfh\ PD DIKK “H ^Zevg_cr_f kh-

\_jr_gkl\h\Zgbb hj]ZgbaZpbb mijZ\e_gby ijhfure_gghklvx b kljhbl_evkl\hf” 13–14 n_\jZey ] “H[ ZglbiZjlbcghc ]jmii_ FZe_gdh\Z = F DZ]Zgh\bqZ E F Fhehlh\Z < F ” 22– bxgy ] “H[ memqr_gbb iZjlbcgh-iheblbq_kdhc jZ[hlu \ Kh\_lkdhc :jfbb b Nehl_” hdly[jy ] , “H ^Zevg_cr_f jZa\blbb dheohagh]h kljhy b j_hj]ZgbaZpbb fZrbggh-ljZdlhjguo klZgpbc” 25– n_\jZey ] kf DIKK \

j_ahexpbyo b j_r_gbyo kt_a^h\ dhgn_j_gpbc b ie_gmfh\ PD -_ ba^ L F

6 Bf__lky \ \b^m ihklZgh\e_gb_ Ie_gmfZ PD DIKK “H ^Zevg_cr_f jZa\blbb dheohagh]h kljhy b j_hj]ZgbaZpbb fZrbggh-ljZdlhjguo klZgpbc” 25– n_\jZey ]kf DIKK \ j_ahexpbyo b j_r_gbyo kt_a^h\ dhgn_j_gpbc b ie_gmfh\ PD -_ ba^ L 7.

F K 316–322).

7 Kf Khnjhgh\ : < >h[jh ih`Zeh\Zlv \ Qbeb F., ‹ K – hg `_ >h jh]Z \ KZdjZf_glh H]hg_d ‹ K 26– hg `_ Fu ih_f k Ihe_f Jh[khghf

H]hg_d ‹ K 17– b ^j

278

8FZydh\kdbc <eZ^bfbj <eZ^bfbjh\bq –1930) – ihwl Ihke_ ] \ k\hbo ijh ba\_^_gbyo “Fbkl_jby-;mnn”, “150 000 000”, “Ohjhrh” kha^Ze fbn h khpbZebklbq_kdhf fbjhihjy^d_ F_qlZe [ulv ihgyluf \ “dhffmgbklbq_kdhf ^Ze_dh”.

9;jbd Ebeby N_^hjh\gZ (1891–1978) – om^h`gbpZ, ebl_jZlhj

10FZydh\kdZy Ex^fbeZ <eZ^bfbjh\gZ (1884–1978) – klZjrZy k_kljZ < < FZy-

dh\kdh]h :\lhj \hkihfbgZgbc h ihwl_

11NZ^__\ :e_dkZg^j :e_dkZg^jh\bq –1956) – ibkZl_ev mqZklgbd iZjlbaZgkdh]h ^\b`_gby gZ >Zevg_f <hklhd_ jhfZg “JZa]jhf” DhfkhfhevpZf-ih^ihevsbdZf <_ebdhc Hl_q_kl\_gghc \hcgu ihk\ys_g jhfZg “Fheh^Zy ]\Zj^by” H^bg ba jmdh\h^bl_e_c J:IIZ (1926– ]_g_jZevguc k_dj_lZjv KhxaZ ibkZl_e_c KKKJ –

Ihdhgqbe `bagv kZfhm[bckl\hf

12Wj_g[mj] Bevy =jb]hjv_\bq (1981–1967) – ibkZl_ev im[ebpbkl Z\lhj jhfZgZ “Omebh

Omj_gblh” gh\_ee ebjbq_kdbo k[hjgbdh\ < om^h`_kl\_gguo f_fmZjZo “Ex^b ]h^u `bagv” (1961 – \kihfbgZ_l h jZg__ aZfZeqb\Z_fuo nZdlZo b bf_gZo ba bklhjbb

fbjh\hc b jhkkbckdhc dmevlmju EZmj_Zl f_`^mgZjh^guo E_gbgkdhc b =hkm^Zjkl\_gghc ij_fbc

13 I?G-dem[ J?1 khdj hl Zg]e ihwlu-hq_jdbklu-jhfZgbklu – f_`^mgZjh^gh_ h[t_^bg_gb_ ibkZl_e_c hkgh\Zggh_ \ ] Zg]ebckdbfb ibkZl_eyfb >` =hekmhjkb b D W >Zmkhghf-Kdhllhf < jmdh\h^kl\_ I?G-dem[Z – i_j_ba[bjZ_fuc dZ`^u_ ^\Z ]h^Z

ij_ab^_gl b [_kkf_gguc ]_g_jZevguc k_dj_lZjv bkihedhfZ Bkihedhf gZoh^blky \ Ehg^hg_ dhg]j_kku ijh\h^ylky \ kljZgZo ]^_ _klv gZpbhgZevgu_ I?G-p_glju <

gZklhys__ \j_fy hl^_e_gby I?G-dem[Z [he__ q_f \ kljZgZo fbjZ

14IZkl_jgZd ;hjbk E_hgb^h\bq (1890–1960) – ibkZl_ev ihwl i_j_\h^qbd :\lhj ih wlbq_kdbo k[hjgbdh\ “K_kljZ fhy – `bagv”, “<lhjh_ jh`^_gb_” ihwfu “>_\ylvkhl iyluc ]h^” Ih\_klv “>hdlhj @b\Z]h” [ueZ him[ebdh\ZgZ aZ jm[_`hf \ ] \ ] ijbkm` ^_gZ Gh[_e_\kdZy ij_fby hl dhlhjhc ibkZl_ev \ugm`^_g [ue hldZaZlvky

15IZmg^ WajZ Emfbk –1972) – Zf_jbdZgkdbc ihwl l_hj_lbd bfZ`bgbafZ H^gZ ba

p_gljZevguo nb]mj Zf_jbdZgkdh]h fh^_jgbafZ I_j\uc k[ klboh\ “FZkdb” \ur_e \

1912 ]

FhjZ\bZ :ev[_jlh gZklhysZy nZfbeby Ibgd_je_ – blZevygkdbc ibkZl_ev I_qZlZ_lky k ] < “Jbfkdbo jZkkdZaZo” b jhfZg_ “QhqZjZ” ijhke_`b\Z_lky \ebygb_ g_hj_ZebafZ

16JhfZg ; IZkl_jgZdZ “>hdlhj @b\Z]h” [ue him[ebdh\Zg \ BlZebb ba^Zl_evkl\hf >` N_evljbg_eeb \ ] \h NjZgpbb ba^Zl_evkl\hf “=ZeebfZj” \ ]

17Iebk_pdZy FZcy FboZceh\gZ – ZjlbkldZ [Ze_lZ gZjh^gZy ZjlbkldZ KKKJ

=_jhc KhpbZebklbq_kdh]h Ljm^Z < –1988 – \ ;hevrhf l_Zlj_ < –

1990 – om^ jmdh\h^bl_ev ljmiiu \ BkiZgbb :\lhj \hkihfbgZgbc “Y FZcy Iebk_pdZy”. 18 ;_exlbg Webc FboZceh\bq (1925) – `b\hibk_p l_hj_lbd bkdmkkl\Z ijhn_kkhj

Hj]ZgbaZlhj gZijZ\e_gby “Gh\Zy j_Zevghklv” b i_j\uo \ KKKJ \uklZ\hd Z[kljZdlgh]h bkdmkkl\Z GZ]jZ`^_g ahehlhc f_^Zevx “AZ l\hjq_kdb_ ^hklb`_gby b dmevlmjgmx ^_yl_evghklv fbjh\h]h agZq_gby” BlZeby ?]h jZ[hlu gZoh^ylky \ fma_yo Jhkkbb KR:, NjZgpbb BlZebb b ^j kljZg

19Bevbq_\ E_hgb^ N_^hjh\bq –1990) – \ – ]]. k_dj_lZjv PD DIKK dmjbjmxsbc \hijhku b^_heh]bb b dmevlmju

20Jh`^_kl\_gkdbc Jh[_jl B\Zgh\bq –1994) – ihwl Z\lhj k[hjgbdh\ “Jh\_kgbdm”

(1962), “=hehk ]hjh^Z” ihwfu “Ibkvfh \ ;;; \_d” (1963), “J_d\b_f” (1961).

EZmj_Zl =hkm^Zjkl\_gghc ij_fbb KKKJ

21 ?\lmr_gdh ?\]_gbc :e_dkZg^jh\bq – ihwl Z\lhj klboh\ h keh`guo gjZ\kl\_g- guo bkdZgbyo bglbfghc ebjbdb bklhjbq_kdbo l_f :\lhj jhfZgh\ “Y]h^gu_ f_klZ”

279