Бригадина О.В. История культуры России новейшего времени 1917-2000 гг

H^gbf ba lZdbo \hijhkh\ ^ey ebl_jZlhjh\ y\ey_lky \ qZklghklb \h ijhk h jheb j_^Zdlhjh\ \ l\hjq_kdhf ijhp_kk_ L\hjq_kdb_ jZ[hlgbdb `Zemxlky gZ lh qlh d\ZebnbdZpby ebl_jZlmjguo j_^Zdlhjh\ \h fgh]bo kemqZyo gbadZ gh wlh g_ f_rZ_l bf j_rZlv km^v[m ijhba\_^_gby Fgh]b_ \hafmsZxlky jZa^mlufb rlZlZfb j_^Zdpbc b `mjgZeh\ IbkZl_ev N? >BG ]h\hjbl gZijbf_j qlh [ueh ohjhr__ \j_fy dh]^Z gZ h^gh]h j_^Zd

lhjZ ijboh^behkv – Z\lhjh\ Z k_cqZk gZ dZ`^h]h ibkZl_ey ih j_

^Zdlhjh\ b ih q_eh\_d ba ih^kh[gh]h ZiiZjZlZ

Kj_^b j_^Zdlhjh\ gZ[ex^Z_lky \aylhqgbq_kl\h klj_fe_gb_ d gZ`b\_ aZ kq_l ]hghjZjZ aZ j_^Zdlbjm_fh_ ijhba\_^_gb_

Ih fg_gbx ibkZl_ey IJB<:EH<: dhlhjh_ ih^l\_j`^Z_lky b ^jm ]bfb aZy\e_gbyfb “e_]bhg j_^Zdlhjh\ iZjZablbjm_l gZ l_e_ gZr_c ebl_ jZlmju >_eh wlh gm`gh mihjy^hqblv b i_j_kljhblv lZd qlh[u hgh g_ lhjfhabeh Z ihfh]Zeh h[s_ibkZl_evkdhfm ^_em”.

Fgh]h ZgZeh]bqguo gZj_dZgbc \uau\Z_l lZd`_ b ^_yl_evghklv j_- ^Zdlhjh\ jZ[hlZxsbo \ h[eZklb dbg_fZlh]jZnbq_kdh]h bkdmkkl\Z

Bklhjby kh\_lkdhc iheblbq_kdhc p_gamju« K 132–135.

30. Ba ^g_\gbdh\uo aZibk_c W ;_exlbgZ “IjZ\^Z [_a dhlhjhc gZf g_ `blv”18

^_dZ[jy ]

Fhkd\Z FZg_`

«Iylv^_kyl fbgml gZaZ^ fu klhyeb \k_ gZ e_klgbp_ \lhjh]h wlZ`Z FZg_`Z FZg_` i_j_]hjh`_gguc sblZfb gZ dhlhjuo ihqlb kiehrv \f_klh ijhba\_^_gbc bkdmkkl\Z \bk_eb j_ijh^mdpbb hljZ`Zxsb_ g_km s_kl\mxsmx `bagv [ue lbo GZk \k_o m`_ ijh\_jbeb aZ \k_fb aZgZ\_k

dZfb g_ihgylgh aZq_f khhjm`_gghc \ m]em kp_gu dh]h-lh ihbkdZeb b l_i_jv r_n ebqghc hojZgu ;jms_\Z \ukhdbc ih`behc q_eh\_d k ebphf ijh\bgpbZevgh]h ljZ]bq_kdh]h Zdl_jZ kmgme fg_ \ jmdb kibkhd

– <u ]eZ\guc \Zrb \k_ lml \u jmqZ_l_kv – kdZaZe hg

Wlhl q_eh\_d ijbr_e d gZf _s_ ^h lh]h dZd Ojms_\ ihy\beky \ FZ g_`_ Hg [ue \_k_e b h`b\e_g

– Gbq_]h j_[ylZ \k_ [m^_l ohjhrh

L_i_jv `_ kemrZy gZjZklZ\rbc ]me rZ]h\ \gbam hg [ue fjZq_g b g_ ^h\he_g

–Gm k_cqZk \Zf [m^ml dhklb kqblZlv – kdZaZe hg

–: fu ijb\uqgu_ – hldebdgmeky dlh-lh ba fhbo mq_gbdh\

260

Khjhd qZkh\ gZaZ^ y kgye ljm[dm j_adh aZa\hgb\r_]h l_e_nhgZ =hehk IhebdZjih\Z aZ\_^mxs_]h Hl^_ehf dmevlmju PD iZjlbb b qe_gZ PD

[ue ijhkbl_e_g b ]h\hjbe h[ h^he`_gbb \au\Ze d fh_c ex[_aghklb

–Webc FboZceh\bq y ijbrex \Zf lh\Zjbs_c hgb \Zf ihfh]ml – m[_`^Ze l_e_nhg

–G_evay kh[jZlv dZjlbgu aZ g_kdhevdh qZkh\ – hl\_qZe y

Wlhl a\hghd jZa^Zeky \ fh_c d\Zjlbj_ i_j_iheg_gghc mq_gbdZfb Hgb jZkkdZau\Zeb qlh ijb_oZeb kx^Z hklZ\b\ m ^\_j_c k\hbo d\Zjlbj

fZrbgu b “lh\Zjbs_c” lj_[h\Z\rbo m gbo dZjlbgu

–Ohl_ehkv [u qlh[u \u ihdZaZeb \ FZg_`_ \Zrb jZ[hlu \f_kl_ kh \k_fb – gZklZb\Ze l_e_nhg

< FZg_`_ \ lh \j_fy [ueZ \uklZ\dZ ihk\ys_ggZy -e_lbx Fhkdh\- kdh]h KhxaZ om^h`gbdh\

–: dZdb_ bf_ggh" – kijhkbe y

–L_ `_ dhlhju_ [ueb gZ LZ]Zgkdhc \uklZ\d_ – ihykgbe l_e_nhg B ^h[Z\be – GZ\_jgh_ bo [m^ml kfhlj_lv jmdh\h^bl_eb iZjlbb b ijZ\b l_evkl\Z

Kgh\Z aZa\_g_e l_e_nhg b ]hehk kdmevilhjZ W G_ba\_klgh]h “kZfh]h e_\h]h kj_^b e_\uo” dZd _]h gZau\Zeb \ Fhkd\_ q_eh\_dZ ij_^_evgh hklhjh`gh]h “>Z ihcfbl_ `_ m f_gy j_[_ghd” kijhkbe qlh ^_eZlv

–Wlh eb[h ijh\hdZpby eb[h ijbagZgb_ – kdZaZe y – < ihke_^g__ \_ jblv ljm^gh gh hldZaZlvky g_\hafh`gh

?s_ mljhf jZa\_jgm\ ]Za_lm “IjZ\^Z” y ijhq_e qlh khklhyehkv i_j

\h_ aZk_^Zgb_ B^_heh]bq_kdhc dhfbkkbb Z q_j_a k\hbo mq_gbdh\ magZe qlh jZa]h\hj r_e h gZk B jZa]h\hj iheh`bl_evguc Ihwlhfm i_j\Zy njZ

aZ dhlhjmx Ojms_\ ihqlb \_k_eh ijhbag_k \oh^y \ FZg_` “Gm ]^_ m

\Zk lml ]j_rgbdb b ijZ\_^gbdb ihdZau\Zcl_ ” – gZk g_ m^b\beZ Fu g_ \_jbeb \ qm^h gh ^\Z ]jhrZ gZ^_`^u gZ lh qlh kh\_lkdh_ bkdmkkl\h ba he_h]jZnbb \_jg_lky \ dhgp_ dhgph\ d kZfhfm k_[_ \k_-lZdb bf_eb

Q_jgZy fZkkZ ex^_c \ureZ ba-aZ ihke_^g_]h sblZ \ aZe_ i_j\h]h

wlZ`Z b klZeZ ih^gbfZlvky ih e_klgbp_ ;ueh lboh Fu klhyeb ]jmiihc GZk [ueh ljbgZ^pZlv fm`qbg b h^gZ `_gsbgZ <hajZkl hl ^h e_l

Fgh]b_ k [hjh^Zfb ^ebggufb \hehkZfb fjZqgu_ b fheqZeb\u_ Ojms_\ ijhr_e g_kdhevdh klmi_g_d

– Dm^Z" – kijhkbe hg

Y \ur_e \i_j_^ b jmdhc ihdZaZe gZ gZr aZe

– KiZkb[h – kdZaZe Ojms_\ – Gh \hl hgb hg fZogme jmdhc aZ kibgm ]h\hjyl qlh m \Zk lml fZagy Y _s_ g_ \b^_e gh bf \_jx

Y ih`Ze ie_qZfb b hldjue ^\_jv gZr_c =he]hnu

Ojms_\ hklZgh\beky < ^\_jyo aZ^_j`ZeZkv k\blZ GZ^h \k_f ih^gb fZeZkv om^Zy aeh\_sZy ]heh\Z Kmkeh\Z Ojms_\ h]ey^u\Ze kl_gu DZj

261

lbgu q_f-lh _fm gZ\_jgh_ gjZ\bebkv b wlh aZ^_j`b\Zeh _]h Hg y\gh g_

fh] d q_fm-lh gZf_q_gghfm ijbklmiblv b gZqbgZe aeblvky F_gyeky gZ

]eZaZo fjZqg_e [e_^g_e WlZ wfhpbhgZevghklv [ueZ m^b\bl_evgZ ^ey jmdh\h^bl_ey ]hkm^Zjkl\Z B ]ey^y gZ _]h himklhr_ggh_ g_^h\hevgh_ ebph y ihqlb nbabq_kdb mkeurZe dZd aZkdjbi_eh dhe_kh Nhjlmgu >_c kl\b_ ki_dlZdey gZqZehkv _s_ \gbam Fu [ueb _]h ebr_ggufb ijZ\Z ]h

ehkZ k\b^_l_eyfb

IhgZqZem Ojms_\ gZqZe ^h\hevgh kihdhcgh jZkkfZljb\Zlv wdkihab-

pbx AZ ^he]b_ ]h^u ij_[u\Zgby gZ\_jom hg ijb\ud ihk_sZlv \uklZ\db ijb\ud d lhfm dZd ih _^bgh`^u hljZ[hlZgghc ko_f_ jZkiheZ]Zebkv jZ [hlu GZ wlhl jZa wdkihabpby hkh[_ggh \ i_j\hc k\h_c qZklb [ueZ y\gh bghc J_qv reZ h[ bklhjbb fhkdh\kdhc `b\hibkb b kj_^b klZjuo dZjlbg [ueb ohly b g_fgh]h l_ kZfu_ dhlhju_ Ojms_\ ihy\b\rbkv k gZqZeZ

30-o ]] hdheh KlZebgZ ijb\ud [_ah]h\hjhqgh aZij_sZlv < k\h_c gh\hc bihklZkb eb[_jZeZ hg fh`_l [ulv b g_ h[jZlbe [u gZ gbo \gbfZgby _keb [u g_ mkem`eb\Zy ih^kdZadZ < K_jh\Z DZd h^bg ba k_dj_lZj_c

KhxaZ om^h`gbdh\ JKNKJ hg kjZam i_j_o\Zlbe bgbpbZlb\m \ ihykg_-

gbyo Ij_^k_^Zl_ev KhxaZ om^h`gbdh\ KKKJ K_j]_c =_jZkbfh\ ij_ab ^_gl :dZ^_fbb om^h`_kl\ ;hjbk Bh]Zgkhg jmdh\h^bl_ev kh[kl\_ggh

FHKOZ FhqZevkdbc mihjgh fheqZeb

K_jh\ gZqZe gZau\Zlv p_gu b g_]h^h\Zlv ih ih\h^m gbo ohly dZd qe_g aZdmihqghc dhfbkkbb kZf g_ihkj_^kl\_ggh mqZkl\h\Ze \ mklZgh\ e_gbb klhbfhklb dZ`^h]h ijbh[j_lZ_fh]h ihehlgZ K_jh\ eh\dh `hg]eb jh\Ze klZjufb b gh\ufb pbnjZfb Lhevdh qlh [ueZ hkms_kl\e_gZ ^_ g_`gZy j_nhjfZ ij_\jZlb\rZy jm[ev \ ]jb\_ggbd Dhwnnbpb_gl h^bg d ^_kylb < K_jh\ bkihevah\Ze ijhlb\ l_o dlh \ ]eZaZo Ojms_\Z g_ fh]

[ulv iheghp_gguf om^h`gbdhf

“JZa\_ wlZ `b\hibkv – \u lhevdh ihkfhljbl_ GbdblZ K_j]__\bq dZd

gZfZaZgh – klhbl lZdbo ^_g_]"” “H[gZ`_ggZy” NZevdZ aZdmie_ggZy aZ

[_kp_ghd ih kjZ\g_gbx kh klj_fbl_evgh fgh`b\rbfbky he_h]jZnbyfb kZfh]h < K_jh\Z g_h`b^Zggh ij_\jZlbeZkv \ ij_^f_l nZglZklbq_kdhc ki_dmeypbb I_j\Zy jZ[hlZ om^h`gbdZ ijbh[j_l_ggZy ]hkm^Zjkl\hf ih ke_ _]h \ha\jZs_gby \ ] ba IZjb`Z b d lhfm ihkf_jlgh Gh fZ]by

pbnj [ueZ g_hljZabfZ – Ojms_\ gZqZe l_jylv dhgljhev gZ^ kh[hc B \k_-

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qZe jZa\b\Zlv l_fm “fZagb”, “mjh^h\ dhlhjuo gZjhqgh jbkmxl om^h`gb db” lh]h qlh gm`gh b qlh g_ gm`gh kh\_lkdhfm gZjh^m

262

Ojms_\ ljb jZaZ h[_`Ze ^h\hevgh [hevrhc aZe ]^_ [ueb ij_^klZ\e_ gu om^h`gbdh\ gZr_c ]jmiiu ?]h ^\b`_gby [ueb hq_gv j_adb Hg lh klj_fbl_evgh ^\b]Zeky hl h^ghc dZjlbgu d ^jm]hc lh \ha\jZsZeky gZaZ^ b \k_ hdjm`Z\rb_ _]h ex^b lml `_ mkem`eb\h iylbebkv gZklmiZy ^jm] ^jm]m gZ gh]b Kh klhjhgu wlh \u]ey^_eh dZd \ dhf_^bcghf nbevf_ \j_ f_g QZiebgZ b =Zjhev^Z Eehc^Z I_j\uc jZa \a]ey^ Ojms_\Z aZ^_j`Zeky

gZ ihjlj_l_ ^_\mrdb

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Y ihkfhlj_e gZ djm]emx ]heh\m k fZe_gvdbfb ]eZaZfb gZ rfy- dZxsb_ ]m[u “B]jZ ihdZ ijhb]jZgZ, – kdZaZe y k_[_ – gh fh`_l hg mk ihdhblky” Y gbq_]h g_ hl\_lbe b hlhr_e \ ijhlb\hiheh`guc dhg_p aZeZ GZqZ\ k ihjlj_lZ ^_\mrdb : JhkkZey Ojms_\ klj_fbl_evgh gZijZ

\beky d [hevrhc dhfihabpbb E =jb[dh\Z “ ]h^”.

–Qlh wlh lZdh_" – kijhkbe Ojms_\

Q_c-lh ]hehk kdZaZe

– ]h^

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–<u ihfgbl_ k\h_]h hlpZ" – gZqZe Ojms_\

–Hq_gv iehoh

–Ihq_fm"

–?]h Zj_klh\Zeb \ -f Z fg_ [ueh fZeh e_l GZklmibeZ iZmaZ

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Wlh ^hdZaZl_evkl\h gZ g_]h hq_\b^gh lZd ih^_ckl\h\Zeh qlh hg ih [_`Ze ^Zevr_ ihqlb g_ ]ey^y gZ dZjlbgu Ihlhf \^jm] hklZgh\beky hdh

eh [hevrhc dhfihabpbb <eZ^bfbjZ RhjpZ

– : wlh qlh lZdh_"

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ihqlb gb m dh]h ba klm^bcp_\ hlph\ g_ hdZaZehkv \ `b\uo – b lj_[h\Zgb_

hl\_lZ m\Z`Z_l_ \u _]h beb g_l Ih^h[gh]h jh^Z ih^oh^ d ex^yf gZ q_l \_jlhf ^_kyld_ kgZ[`_ggu_ ihqlb fZl_jgufb jm]Zl_evkl\Zfb mkh\_s_ \Zgby qlh gZ^h g_ij_f_ggh ex[blv klZjrbo [ueb gZklhevdh g_h`b^Zg gu b Z[kmj^gu qlh g_\hevgh klZgh\behkv g_ ^h bkdmkkl\Z b g_ ^h k\hbo

263

^_e Y \b^_e qlh \k_ fhb lh\Zjbsb [ueb \ rhd_ gZklhevdh ihljyk bo bgl_ee_dl b q_eh\_q_kdbc lZdl lh]h dlh mijZ\eye iheh\bghc a_fgh]h rZjZ g_ ]h\hjy h gZr_c kh[kl\_gghc kljZg_ b iZkkb\ghklv ihabpbc _]h

lh\Zjbs_c g_ kf_\rbo b g_ iulZ\rboky _]h hklZgh\blv

Hg jm]Zeky ihqlb m \k_o dZjlbg ludZy iZevp_f b ijhbaghky m`_ ijb \uqguc [_kdhg_qgh ih\lhjy\rbcky gZ[hj jm]Zl_evkl\ Ihlhf k^_eZe lj_lbc djm] b hklZgh\beky m dZjlbgu E F_qgbdh\Z bah[jZ`Z\r_c \Zjb

Zgl =he]hnu

– Qlh wlh lZdh_" – Ojms_\ hiylv ih\urZe ]hehk – <u qlh – fm`bdb beb i_^_jZklu ijhdeylu_ dZd \u fh`_l_ lZd ibkZlv" ?klv m \Zk kh\_klv" Dlh Z\lhj"

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–B \u _]h m\Z`Z_l_"

–?kl_kl\_ggh – hl\_lbe F_qgbdh\

–Gm Z dZd hg hlghkblky d lhfm qlh \u lZd ibr_l_"

–: _fm wlh gjZ\blky – hl\_lbe E_hgb^

Ojms_\ g_kdhevdh hklhe[_g_eh ihkfhlj_e gZ djZkb\h_ ebph fhjkdh]h hnbp_jZ DZaZehkv lZ l_ZljZevgZy fbkl_jby dhlhjmx ijh[h\Ze jZau

]jZlv Ojms_\ ihreZ gZ m[uev

– Gm eZ^gh – kdZaZe Ojms_\ – Z l_i_jv jZkkdZau\Zcl_ \ q_f lml ^_eh Wlh [ue m`_ dZdhc-lh rZgk b y m\b^_e dZd ih-jZaghfm gZklhjh-

`bebkv Kmkeh\ R_e_ibg :^`m[_c

– Wlb om^h`gbdb dhlhjuo \u \b^bl_ – gZqZe y \a[_r_gguc ih-

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–=^_ k_j^p_ lZf b ]eZaZ – kdZaZe Ojms_\

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Djueh\Z “KiZkkdb_ \hjhlZ”...

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b \ky bklhjby dhgqblky Gh wlbo fbgml g_ kemqbehkv Ihk_j_^bg_ fh_]h ^hklZlhqgh ^he]h]h h[tykg_gby kmoZy r_y Kmkeh\Z gZdehgbeZkv d Ojm

s_\m b lhl ihkfhlj_\ gZ fh_ kihdhcgh_ ebph g_h`b^Zggh \ahj\Zeky

– >Z qlh \u ]h\hjbl_ dZdhc wlh Dj_fev Wlh ba^_\Zl_evkl\h =^_ lml am[pu gZ kl_gZo – ihq_fm bo g_ \b^gh"

264

B lml `_ _fm klZeh g_ ih k_[_ b hg ^h[Z\be \_`eb\h

– Hq_gv h[sh b g_ihgylgh <hl qlh ;_exlbg y \Zf ]h\hjx dZd ij_^ k_^Zl_ev Kh\_lZ Fbgbkljh\ \k_ wlh g_ gm`gh kh\_lkdhfm gZjh^m Ihgb fZ_l_ wlh y \Zf ]h\hjx

?fm hiylv klZeh g_ ih k_[_ Ebph _]h f_gyehkv Z fZe_gvdb_ ]eZadb aZ[_]Zeb ih hdjm`Zxsbf ebpZf

– Gh b \u K_jh\ lh`_ g_ mf__l_ ohjhrh ibkZlv – kdZaZe Ojms_\ h[jZsZykv d wlhfm om^h`gbdm-klZebgbklm dhlhjuc \k_ \j_fy _]h gZdjm qb\Ze – <hl y ihfgx fu ihk_lbeb >j_a^_gkdmx ]Ze_j_x GZf ihdZaZeb dZjlbgm – \hl lZd [ueb gZibkZgu jmdb qlh ^Z`_ \ emim fZadh\ g_ jZaeb

qbrv : \u lh`_ lZd g_ mf__l_

Y kfhlj_e gZ ^h\hevgh_ iehkdh_ ebph gZ ex^_c ih^h[hkljZklgh ^u rZ\rbo \ kibgm ij_fv_jZ gZ ih`beuo ijbe_`guo kl_gh]jZnbklhd b g_

fh] ba[Z\blvky hl fukeb qlh wlh dZdhc-lh kmfZkr_^rbc ^hf«

KZfba^Zl \_dZ F ; Fg K –1020.

31. Ba kl_gh]jZffu aZk_^Zgby B^_heh]bq_kdhc dhfbkkbb PD DIKK k mqZklb_f fheh^uo ibkZl_e_c om^h`gbdh\ dhfihablhjh\ l\hjq_kdbo jZ[hlgbdh\ dbgh b l_Zljh\ Fhkd\u

^_dZ[jy ]

AZk_^Zgb_ ^_dZ[jy ]h^Z Bevbq_\19

«<k_ fu gZoh^bfky ih^ `b\uf \i_qZle_gb_f lh]h [hevrh]h b^_cgh-

om^h`_kl\_ggh]h kh[ulby dhlhjh_ ijhbahreh \k_]h g_^_ex gZaZ^ LZf khklhyeZkv dZd ba\_klgh ^jm`_kdZy b hq_gv hldjh\_ggZy [_k_^Z ih b^_c

gh-om^h`_kl\_gguf ijh[e_fZf <hijhku [ueb ihklZ\e_gu j_[jhf lZd b

^he`gu hgb klhylv \ gZrb ^gb

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265

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qlh \ ebl_jZlmj_ b bkdmkkl\_ ijhbkoh^yl dZdb_-lh dZlZkljhnbq_kdb_ y\

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Jh`^_kl\_gkdbc20

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266

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gu dZd Hdly[jvkdZy j_\hexpby

?\lmr_gdh21

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gZjh^m

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gZk kb^ysbo \ wlhf aZe_

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267

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OZqZlmjyg22

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dZd [hevrmx m^Zqm dhfihablhjZ Y bf_x \ \b^m _]h hjZlhjbx “Ihklmiv

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kdmx fmaudZevgmx dmevlmjm :ieh^bkf_glu

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268

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s_cky kh\j_f_gghklb

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