Бригадина О.В. История культуры России новейшего времени 1917-2000 гг

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13. « <h \k_c k\h_c ^_yl_evghklb ih [hjv[_ k ijhbkdZfb \jZ`_kdbo

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IjbdZa h[ty\blv \k_fm hi_jZlb\ghfm khklZ\m hj]Zgh\ D=; Ij_^k_^Zl_ev Dhfbl_lZ ]hk[_ahiZkghklb

< K_fbqZklguc

Bklhjbq_kdbc Zjob\. ‹ K 12–13.

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fDy ]

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Fl\Rf iDSlbb b lHiHSv \`H gH fR`Hl [ulv iRiSD\eHgR E\qrbH dD^Su eblHSDl\Su – \ qbFeH dRlRSRH ^D`H gH FgbeRFv pDSFdbf FDlSDiDf nbab

qHFdb bFlSH[eHgu beb iR]b[eb [eD]R^DSy iSHFl\igRf\ iRi\FlblHevFl\\ \eDFlv bf\sb[ e\qrbH ex^b eblHSDl\Su \fHSeb \ iSH`^H\SHfHgghf \RaSDFlH \FH RFlDevgRH fDeR-fDevFdb pHggRH FiRFR[gRH FRa^D\Dlv bc-

lbgguH pHggRFlb \fHSeR gH ^RFlb]g\\ – eHl

EblHSDl\SD – wlZ F\ylDy F\ylu[ – Rl^DgD gD SDFlHSaDgbH [xSRdSDlDf b FDfuf RlFlDeuf weHfHglDf gDSR^D ba FDfu[ “\uFRdb[” lSb[\g – lDdb[ dDd 0RFdR\FdDy dRgnHSHgpby beb ;;-c iDSlFtHa^ – SDa^DeFy gR\uc

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\uau\DHl \Raf\sHgbH FR[SDgD ]S\iiD gH\H`^ aD bFdexqHgbHf gHfgR]b[ qHFlgu[ ex^Hc gD[R^ysb[Fy \ FRFlRygbb lDdRc `H aDlSD\eHggRFlb b

iRlRf\ gH fR]\sb[ FdDaDlv iSD\^\ – b \u\R^u ]e\[RdR DglbeHgbgFdbH b[R bF[R^yl ba [xSRdSDlbqHFdb[ iSb\uqHd FRiSR\R`^DxlFy \]SRaRc \FH lRc `H “^\[bgdRc”.

&dDdbf q\\Fl\Rf F\R[R^u b RldSulRFlb fbSD \[R^beR fRH iRdReHgbH

\eblHSDl\S\ iSb EHgbgH dDdbH Fbeu gHR[tylguH [ueb \ ^\rH b dDdbH

iSHdSDFguH iSRba\H^Hgby fu FRa^D\Deb b HsH fR]eb [u FRa^Dlv

+DF iRFeH FfHSlb EHgbgD gba\Heb ^R iReR`Hgby fDevqbrHd \gbqlR- `Deb b^HReR]bqHFdb i\]Deb b gDau\Deb wlR “iDSlbcgRFlvx” B lHiHSv

250

dR]^D \FH fR`gR [ueR [u bFiSD\blv FdDaDeDFv iSbfblb\gRFlv gH\H`H- Fl\HggRFlv – iSb \Raf\lblHevgRc ^RaH FDfR\\HSHggRFlb – lH[ dlR ^Re`Hg [ue [u \FH wlR bFiSD\blv EblHSDl\SD Rl^DgD \R \eDFlv ex^Hc gHlDeDgl- eb\u[ fHedb[ aeRiDfylgu[ (^bgbpu lH[ dlR FR[SDgbe \ ^\rH F\y- sHgguc R]Rgt gD[R^ylFy \ iReR`Hgbb iDSbH\ b – iR \RaSDFl\ F\RHf\ – FdRSR \fS\l B gHl gbdDdR]R \`H Flbf\eD \ ^\rH qlR[u l\RSblv

&Ra^Dgguc ^ey [RevrR]R l\RSqHFl\D \R bfy dRff\gbafD F rHFlgD^- pDlb eHl F\yaDgguc F iDSlbHc F SD[Rqbfb F dSHFlvygDfb gD^HeHgguc [R]Rf lDeDglRf gHaD\Sy^guf y [ue iReRg FDfu[ \uFRdb[ fuFeHc b q\\-

Fl\ dDdbH lRevdR fR`Hl iRSR^blv `bagv gDSR^D FRH^bgHggDy F iSHd-

SDFgufb b^HDeDfb dRff\gbafD

+R fHgy iSH\SDlbeb \ eRrD^v eRfR\R]R ba\RaD \Fx `bagv y ieHeFy iR^ deD^vx [Ha^DSgu[ gHRiSD\^Dggu[ fR]\sb[ [ulv \uiRegHggufb ex[uf qHeR\HdRf gHbFqbFebfu[ [xSRdSDlbqHFdb[ ^He B ^D`H F_cqDF dR]^D iR^\R^brv blR] `bagb F\RHc gH\ugRFbfR \FiRfbgDlv \FH lR

dRebqHFl\R RdSbdR\ \g\rHgbc iR\qHgbc b iSRFlR b^HReR]bqHFdb[ iRSR-

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\R]R FlSRy – \gb`HgD aDlSD\eHgD aD]\[eHgD &DfR^R\RevFl\R g\\RSbrHc

Rl \HebdR]R eHgbgFdR]R \qHgby ^D`H lR]^D dR]^D Rgb deyg\lFy bf wlbf \qHgbHf iSb\HeR d iRegRf\ gH^R\HSbx d gbf F fRHc FlRSRgu b[R Rl gb[ fR`gR `^Dlv HsH [\^rH]R qHf Rl FDlSDiD &lDebgD 7Rl [ue [Rlv

R[SDaR\Dg D wlb – gH\H`^u

@bagv fRy dDd ibFDlHey lHSyHl \Fydbc FfuFe b y F iSH\HebdRc SD^RFlvx dDd ba[D\eHgbH Rl wlR]R ]g\FgR]R F\sHFl\R\Dgby ]^H gD lH[y

R[S\rb\DHlFy iR^eRFlv eR`v b deH\HlD \[R`\ ba `bagb

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^D`H gH fR]\l iSbgylv

ISRr\ iR[RSRgblv fHgy Sy^Rf F fDlHSvx fRHc

=eDFgRFlv ‹ 15. C. 6.

22. Ba ibk_f B = Wj_g[mj]Z12

fZjlZ ]

> L R_ibeh\m, k_dj_lZjx PD DIKK \_^Z\r_fm \hijhkZfb b^_h eh]bb b dmevlmju

³H[jZsZxkv d <Zf ih ih\h^m k\yaZgghfm k iheh`_gb_f ibkZl_ey \ gZr_c kljZg_« F_kyp lhfm gZaZ^ y ^he]h [_k_^h\Ze k lh\Zjbs_f Km

251

keh\uf b Ihki_eh\uf dhlhju_ f_gy aZ\_jyeb \ lhf qlh k ³Z^fbgbkljb jh\Zgb_f´ m gZk ihdhgq_gh qlh \k_f ibkZl_eyf ij_^hklZ\e_gZ \hafh` ghklv jZ[hlZlv« <hl qlh ijhbkoh^bl gZ kZfhf ^_e_ Ba^Zl_evkl\h =hk ebl \ kh]eZkbb k fg_gb_f k_dj_lZjbZlZ KhxaZ ibkZl_e_c« j_rbeh ba ^Zlv klbob FZjbgu P\_lZ_\hc P\_lZ_\Z [ueZ ^he]h \ wfb]jZpbb \_jgm eZkv \ Kh\_lkdbc Khxa \ ] <kdhj_ ihke_ wlh]h ;_jb_c [ueb Zj_klh \Zgu __ fm` b ^hqv h[Z hgb \_jgmebkv d gZf jZgvr_ b h[Z \ IZjb`_ Zdlb\gh jZ[hlZeb ih mdZaZgbx gZr_]h ihkhevkl\Z < ] P\_lZ_\Z ihdhgqbeZ `bagv kZfhm[bckl\hf Wlh djmiguc ihwl __ wfb]jZglu \

:f_jbd_ ba^Zxl h[ty\eyxl k\h_c«

Y gZ^_xkv qlh <u dZd jmdh\h^bl_ev b^_heh]bq_kdh]h k_dlhjZ jZk kfhljbl_ >wlhl \hijhk@ b ijbf_l_ kijZ\_^eb\h_ j_r_gb_”.

Zij_ey ]

G K Ojms_\m.

³<hl m`_ f_kypZ dZd y gZoh`mkv \ hq_gv ljm^ghf iheh`_gbb Y h[ jZsZxkv d <Zf dZd d jmdh\h^bl_ex iZjlbb dZd d ]eZ\_ ijZ\bl_evkl\Z dZd d q_eh\_dm k ijhkv[hc hij_^_eblv gZ dZdmx jZ[hlm fg_ jZkkqblu \Zlv < h[eZklguo ]Za_lZo f_gy gZau\Zxl ³\gmlj_ggbf wfb]jZglhf´ AZ jm[_`gZy i_qZlv ihevam_lky fhbf bf_g_f \_^y hq_j_^gmx dZfiZgbx

ijhlb\ gZrbo b^_c gZr_c Jh^bgu LZf `blv y g_ fh]m ´

Bklhqgbd ‹ K

23. AZibkdZ IjZ\e_gby KhxaZ ibkZl_e_c KKKJ

\ PD DIKK

fZjlZ ]

K_dj_lgh

K_dj_lZjbZl IjZ\e_gby KhxaZ ibkZl_e_c ihemqbe ba hl^_eZ KdZg^b gZ\kdbo kljZg FB> KKKJ khh[s_gb_ qlh \ r\_^kdhf I?G-dem[_13 g_

^Z\gh h[km`^Zeky \hijhk h dZg^b^ZlmjZo gZ Gh[_e_\kdmx ij_fbx ih ebl_jZlmj_ < qbke_ dZg^b^Zlh\ gZau\Zebkv ke_^mxsb_ ibkZl_eb

FboZbe Rhehoh\ ;hjbk IZkl_jgZd14 WajZ IZmg^ KR: b :ev[_jlh FhjZ\bZ BlZeby 15 Ihkdhevdm ibkZl_eb R\_pbb \ukdZau\Zxlky \ ihev

am F : Rhehoh\Z gh k gZkljh_gbyfb ibkZl_e_c ^Ze_dh g_ \k_]^Z kqb lZxlky; h^bg ba ^h[jh`_eZl_evgh gZkljh_gguo d gZf r\_^kdbo ibkZl_ e_c Wjbd :kdemg^ \ukdZaZe \ [_k_^_ k kh\_lkdhc ^_e_]Zpb_c ll FZj- dh\ = F b Lhi_j I F fg_gb_ h p_e_khh[jZaghklb hk\_s_gby \ gZr_c i_qZlb ^_yl_evghklb F Rhehoh\Z b _]h ihimeyjghklb \ KdZg^bgZ\kdbo

252

kljZgZo kqblZy qlh wlh fh`_l hdZaZlv `_eZl_evgh_ \ebygb_ gZ j_r_gb_ \hijhkZ h Gh[_e_\kdhc ij_fbb ih ebl_jZlmj_

Ijhkbf mdZaZgbc PD DIKK

Dhglbg_gl ‹

24. AZibkdZ Hl^_eZ dmevlmju PD DIKK

Zij_ey ]

DZd klZeh ba\_klgh ba khh[s_gby k_dj_lZjy KhxaZ ibkZl_e_c KKKJ l FZjdh\Z = F \_jgm\r_]hky ba ih_a^db \ R\_pbx b ba ^jm]bo bk lhqgbdh\ \ gZklhys__ \j_fy kj_^b r\_^kdhc bgl_eeb]_gpbb b \ i_qZlb gZklhcqb\h ijhiZ]Zg^bjm_lky l\hjq_kl\h ; IZkl_jgZdZ \ k\yab k him[

ebdh\Zgb_f \ BlZebb b NjZgpbb _]h de_\_lgbq_kdh]h jhfZgZ “>hdlhj @b\Z]h”16 Bf_xlky k\_^_gby qlh hij_^_e_ggu_ we_f_glu [m^ml \u^\b

]Zlv wlhl jhfZg gZ Gh[_e_\kdmx ij_fbx bf_y \ \b^m bkihevah\Zlv _]h \ Zglbkh\_lkdbo p_eyo Gh[_e_\kdZy ij_fby aZ emqrb_ ijhba\_^_gby \ h[ eZklb ebl_jZlmju b bkdmkkl\Z _`_]h^gh ijbkm`^Z_lky Klhd]hevfkdhc

:dZ^_fb_c ih ij_^klZ\e_gbx hl^_evguo ^_yl_e_c – ^_imlZlh\ iZjeZf_g

lZ qe_gh\ Gh[_e_\kdh]h dhfbl_lZ eZmj_Zlh\ Gh[_e_\kdbo ij_fbc b ^j Ijh]j_kkb\gu_ djm]b klhyl aZ \u^\b`_gb_ gZ Gh[_e_\kdmx ij_fbx

lh\ F Rhehoh\Z Bf__lky gZklhyl_evgZy g_h[oh^bfhklv ih^q_jdgmlv

iheh`bl_evgh_ hlghr_gb_ kh\_lkdhc h[s_kl\_gghklb d l\hjq_kl\m Rh ehoh\Z b ^Zlv \ lh `_ \j_fy ihgylv r\_^kdbf djm]Zf gZr_ hlghr_gb_ d

IZkl_jgZdm b _]h jhfZgm

Hl^_e dmevlmju PD DIKK kqblZe [u p_e_khh[jZaguf

1. Ihjmqblv ]Za_lZf “IjZ\^Z”, “Ba\_klby”, “Ebl_jZlmjgZy ]Za_lZ” Z lZd`_ `mjgZem “Gh\h_ \j_fy” him[ebdh\Zlv fZl_jbZeu ihk\ys_ggu_

agZq_gbx l\hjq_kl\Z b h[s_kl\_gghc ^_yl_evghklb F : Rhehoh\Z Fh`gh [ueh [u \ qZklghklb bkihevah\Zlv hdhgqZgb_ ibkZl_e_f \lhjh]h lhfZ “Ih^gylhc p_ebgu” g_^Z\g__ ba[jZgb_ _]h \ khklZ\ <_joh\gh]h

Kh\_lZ KKKJ b _]h ij_[u\Zgb_ \ gZklhys__ \j_fy \ Q_ohkeh\Zdbb

2. Ihjmqblv kh\_lkdhfm ihkhevkl\m \ R\_pbb q_j_a [ebadbo d gZf

^_yl_e_c dmevlmju ^Zlv ihgylv r\_^kdhc h[s_kl\_gghklb qlh IZkl_jgZd dZd ebl_jZlhj g_ ihevam_lky ijbagZgb_f m kh\_lkdbo ibkZl_e_c b ijh ]j_kkb\guo ebl_jZlhjh\ ^jm]bo kljZg <u^\b`_gb_ IZkl_jgZdZ gZ Gh[_ e_\kdmx ij_fbx [ueh [u \hkijbgylh dZd g_^h[jh`_eZl_evguc Zdl ih hlghr_gbx d kh\_lkdhc h[s_kl\_gghklb <f_kl_ k l_f ke_^m_l ih^q_jd gmlv iheh`bl_evgh_ agZq_gb_ ^_yl_evghklb Rhehoh\Z dZd ibkZl_ey b dZd

253

h[s_kl\_ggh]h ^_yl_ey bkihevamy \ qZklghklb _]h ijhreh]h^gxx ih _a^dm \ KdZg^bgZ\bx

Ijh_dl l_e_]jZffu ihkhevkl\m KKKJ \ R\_pbb ijbeZ]Z_lky

25. Ba iRFlDgR\eHgby iSHab^b\fD ISD\eHgby

&I &&&3 [xSR HS]dRfblHlD &I 3&N&3 b iSHab^b\fD ISD\eHgby 0RFdR\FdR]R Rl^HeHgby

&I 3&N&3 R IDFlHSgDdH

Rdly[Sy ]

...+DqD\ dR]^D-lR F ^HdeDSDpbc R “qbFlRf bFd\FFl\H” ; IDFlHSgDd dRgqbe lHf qlR FlDe RS\^bHf [\S`\DagRc iSRiD]Dg^u \u]R^guf R[tHd-

lRf FiHd\eypbb ^ey lH[ dS\]R\ dRlRSuH RS]Dgba\xl “[ReR^g\x \Rcg\”, FlDSDxlFy R[Re]Dlv \FH iSR]SHFFb\guH b SH\RexpbRgguH ^\b`Hgby 3HDdpbRgguH dS\]b \FlSHlbeb fRSDevgR-iReblbqHFdRH iD^HgbH IDFlHS-

gDdD F R^R[SHgbHf FR\FHf gH iRlRf\ qlR pHgyl \ gHf dDdRc-lR ibFDlHev- Fdbc lDeDgl D iRlRf\ qlR Rg iSbFRH^bgbeFy d b[ R`HFlRqHggRc gR [HagZ^H`gRc [RSv[H iSRlb\ iRFl\iDlHevgR]R ^\b`Hgby bFlRSbb

EblHSDl\SgDy ^HylHevgRFlv IDFlHSgDdD ^D\gR bFFydeD \ w]RpHglSbqHFdRf aDl\RSgbqHFl\H \ FDfRbaReypbb Rl gDSR^D b \SHfHgb 3RfDg “>RdlRj @b

\Z]R” \RdS\] dRlRSR]R iR^gylD iSRiD]Dg^bFlFdDy \Ragy R[gDS\`b\DHl lRevdR gHiRfHSgRH FDfRfgHgbH D\lRSD iSb gbsHlH fuFeb y\eyHlFy \RieHf iHSHi\]DggR]R R[u\DlHey R[b`HggR]R b \FlSDrHggR]R lHf qlR bFlRSby ge iRreD iR dSb\uf i\lyf dRlRSuH Rg [RlHe [u Hc iSH^ibFDlv B^Hy SRfDgD nDevrb\D b gbqlR`gD \ulDsHgD F ^HdD^HglFdRc F\Dedb

; IDFlHSgDd iRS\De iRFeH^gbH F\yab FR F\RHc FlSDgRc b HH gDSR^Rf

iSH\SDlbe F\RH bfy b F\Rx ^HylHevgRFlv \ iReblbqHFdRH RS\^bH \ S\dD[ SHDdpbb ISbF\`^HgbH IDFlHSgDd\ +R[HeH\FdRc iSHfbb iR F\sHFl\\ aD

SRfDg “>RdlRS @b\D]R” gDFiH[ iSbdSulRH \uFRdRiDSgufb nSDaDfb R H]R ebSbdH b iSRaH \ ^HcFl\blHevgRFlb iR^qHSdb\DHl iReblbqHFd\x FlRSRg\ gHqbFlRieRlgRc b]Su SHDdpbRggu[ dS\]R\

.. Mqblu\Dy iReblbqHFdRH b fRSDevgRH iD^HgbH ; IDFlHSgDdD H]R iSH^DlHevFl\R iR RlgRrHgbx d FR\HlFdRf\ gDSR^\ d ^He\ FRpbDebafD fbSD iSR]SHFFD RieDqHggRH +R[HeH\FdRc iSHfbHc \ bglHSHFD[ SDa`b-

]Dgby [ReR^gRc \Rcgu – ISHab^b\f iSD\eHgby &I &&&3 [xSR 2S]dR- fblHlD &I 3&N&3 b ISHab^b\f iSD\eHgby 0RFdR\FdR]R Rl^HeHgby &I

254

3&N&3 ebrDxl IDFlHSgDdD a\Dgby FR\HlFdR]R ibFDlHey bFdexqDxl H]R ba qbFeD qeHgR\ &I &&&3 iSbgylR H^bgR]eDFgR

Ba\HFlby Rdly[jy

26. Ba aZibkdb D=; ijb Kh\_l_ Fbgbkljh\ KKKJ

\ PD DIKK

DZd \b^gh ba Z]_glmjguo fZl_jbZeh\ IZkl_jgZd kj_^b k\hbo agZdhfuo g_h^ghdjZlgh \udZau\Ze Zglbkh\_lkdb_ gZkljh_gby hkh[_ggh ih \hijhkZf

iheblbdb iZjlbb b Kh\_lkdh]h ijZ\bl_evkl\Z \ h[eZklb ebl_jZlmju b bkdmk- kl\Z lZd dZd kqblZ_l qlh k\h[h^Z bkdmkkl\Z \ gZr_c kljZg_ g_\hafh`gZ “GZ^ gZr_c `bagvx ih-ij_`g_fm [m^_l pZjblv ijhba\he b gZkbeb_ gZ^ gZ

r_c ^mrhc b fukeyfb – lbjZgby b ^_kihlbaf – ]h\hjbe hg – @blv fg_ \ Kh\_lkdhf Khxa_ g_\hafh`gh b y \b`m lhevdh ^\Z \uoh^Z ba kha^Z\r_]hky iheh`_gby ihdhgqblv k kh[hc beb m_oZlv \ :g]ebx lZf y [m^m `blv k\h-

[h^gh b f_gy hp_gyl ih ^hklhbgkl\m b ih[_kihdhylky h[h fg_!”.

Bklhqgbd ‹ K

27. Ba ibkvfZ ; IZkl_jgZdZ G Ojms_\m

Y k\yaZg k Jhkkb_c jh`^_gb_f `bagvx jZ[hlhc Y g_ fukex k\h_c km^v[u hl^_evgh b \g_ __ DZdh\u [u gb [ueb fhb hrb[db b aZ[em`^_ gby y g_ fh] k_[_ ij_^klZ\blv qlh hdZ`mkv \ p_glj_ lZdhc iheblbq_kdhc dZfiZgbb dhlhjmx klZeb jZa^m\Zlv \hdjm] fh_]h bf_gb gZ AZiZ^_ Hkha gZ\ wlh y ihklZ\be \ ba\_klghklv R\_^kdmx :dZ^_fbx h k\h_f ^h[jh \hevghf hldZa_ hl Gh[_e_\kdhc ij_fbb <u_a^ aZ ij_^_eu fh_c Jh^bgu

^ey f_gy jZ\ghkbe_g kf_jlb, b ihwlhfm y ijhrm g_ ijbgbfZlv ih hlgh r_gbx dh fg_ wlhc djZcg_c f_ju Iheh`Z jmdm gZ k_j^p_ y dh_-qlh k^_ eZe ^ey kh\_lkdhc ebl_jZlmju b fh]m [ulv _c ihe_a_g

Bklhqgbd ‹ K 112

28. Ibkvfh gZjh^ghc Zjlbkldb KKKJ

F F Iebk_pdhc G K Ojms_\m k ijhkv[hc h jZaj_r_gbb _c aZ]jZgbqguo ]Zkljhe_c17

fZjlZ ]

>hjh]hc GbdblZ K_j]__\bq

Iha\hevl_ fg_ h[jZlblvky d <Zf ih ^_em dhlhjh_ ghkbl ebqguc oZ jZdl_j < lh `_ \j_fy wlh gZklhevdh k_jv_agh ^ey f_gy dZd ^ey kh\_lkdh

]h q_eh\_dZ qlh y g_ fh]m g_ gZibkZlv <Zf qbklhk_j^_qgh b hldjh\_ggh

255

Ihke_^gb_ g_kdhevdh e_l y \_eZ k_[y ba jmd \hg g_ijZ\bevgh g_ ih gbfZy \k_c hl\_lkl\_gghklb dhlhjZy e_`bl gZ fg_ dZd gZ Zjlbkld_

;hevrh]h l_ZljZ

Ij_`^_ \k_]h y qlh gZau\Z_lky [_am^_j`gh “[helZeZ yaudhf” qlh Z[

khexlgh g_iha\hebl_evgh ^ey q_eh\_dZ dhlhjuc lZd gZ \b^m dZd y

Y iha\heyeZ k_[_ [_ahl\_lkl\_ggh g_^himklbfh \ukdZau\Zlvky h gZ r_c kh\_lkdhc ^_ckl\bl_evghklb b h ex^yo jmdh\h^ysbo gZrbf bkdmk

kl\hf g_ aZ^mfu\Zykv h lhf dZdhc j_ahgZgk bf_xl fhb keh\Z

QZklh y g_lZdlbqgh b \uau\Zxs_ \_eZ k_[y gZ ijb_fZo [_k_^my ]eZ\ guf h[jZahf k bghkljZgpZfb Y hq_gv `Ze_x qlh iha\hebeZ k_[_ g_ kdhevdh jZa ijbgylv m k_[y ^hfZ k_dj_lZjy Zg]ebckdh]h ihkhevkl\Z Fhj

]ZgZ gb k d_f g_ ihkh\_lh\Z\rbkv h[ wlhf

;ue lZdhc kemqZc qlh y g_ ihreZ gZ ijb_f \ ihkhevkl\h BajZbey kdZaZ\ bf qlh g_ ihemqbeZ ijb]eZr_gby q_f hq_gv ih^\_eZ jZ[hlgbdh\ FB>

B \hh[s_ fhy g_k^_j`Zgghklv b g_^bkpbiebgbjh\Zgghklv hq_gv qZk lh klZ\beb f_gy \ eh`gh_ iheh`_gb_ b ih hlghr_gbx d dhee_dlb\m k dhlhjuf y \ujhkeZ b dhlhjuc lZd ohjhrh dh fg_ hlghkblky b ih hlgh r_gbx d gZrbf jmdh\h^bl_eyf dhlhju_ \k_]^Z [ueb ^h[ju dh fg_ b ^Z`_ ih hlghr_gbx d fh_c [_kij_^_evgh ex[bfhc Jh^bg_ h q_f k_cqZk

g_ fh]m [_a klu^Z \kihfgblv

Ih\_jvl_ qlh y \h \k_f wlhf bkdj_gg_ k_]h^gy jZkdZb\Zxkv

Y [_jm gZ k_[y kf_ehklv ibkZlv <Zf lZd hldjh\_ggh ihlhfm qlh ]em [hdh kh`Ze_x h[h \k_o wlbo hrb[dZo a ke_^kl\byo ij_`^_ \k_]h fh_c

e_]dhfuke_gghklb

=em[hdZy i_j_f_gZ \ fh_c `bagb dhlhjZy ijhbahreZ ]h^ lhfm gZaZ^y \ureZ aZfm` aZ q_eh\_dZ dhlhjh]h hq_gv ex[ex b ]em[hdh m\Z`Zx

wlh – i_j_f_gZ \k_c fh_c `bagb dhlhjZy – y \_jx – ihc^_l l_i_jv ih-

^jm]hfm

Y qm\kl\mx k_[y ^h dhgpZ kh\_lkdbf q_eh\_dhf y ex[ex k\hx Jh^b gm dhlhjZy ^ZeZ fg_ \k_ \hkiblZeZ fhc lZeZgl b k^_eZeZ f_gy Zdljbkhc b ihlhfm fg_ g_\ujZabfh ly`_eh qlh y k\hbfb g_h[^mfZggufb ihklmi

dZfb b [_ah[jZaguf ih\_^_gb_f ebrbeZ k_[y ^h\_jby b ihklZ\beZ k_[y \ klhjhg_ hl dhee_dlb\Z

<hl m`_ g_kdhevdh e_l dZd aZjm[_`gu_ ]Zkljheb ;hevrh]h l_ZljZ –

emqr_]h l_ZljZ \ fbj_ dhlhjhfm y [_ajZa^_evgh ijbgZ^e_`m – h[oh^yl ky [_a f_gy < lhf qlh lZf fhb lh\Zjbsb ^_eZxl ^ey mfgh`_gby keZ\u kh\_lkdh]h bkdmkkl\Z g_l gb ^heb fh_]h ljm^Z

Khklhygb_ \ dhlhjhf y k_cqZk gZoh`mkv – m`Zkgh b fh`_l [ulv

hkh[_ggh m`Zkgh hllh]h qlh y khagZx qlh gbdlh, djhf_ f_gy, \ wlhf g_ \bgh\Zl @blv \ gZr_f h[s_kl\_ [_a ^h\_jby g_\hafh`gh Y ^he`gZ k^_ eZlv \k_, b y k^_eZx \k_ qlh[u _]h \_jgmlv

256

Y hlebqgh ihgbfZx qlh h^gbf wlbf ibkvfhf g_ fh]m aZq_jdgmlv \k_ k\hb hrb[db B \ lh `_ \j_fy khagZgb_ qlh y gbdh]^Z [hevr_ bo g_ ih \lhjx iha\hey_l fg_ h[jZlblvky d <Zf k aZ\_j_gb_f qlh _keb \k_ `_ gZc^ml gm`guf ihkeZlv f_gy k ]Zkljheyfb [Ze_lZ ;hevrh]h l_ZljZ \ KR: lh gbdhfm g_ ijb^_lky aZ f_gy djZkg_lv b y kmf_x k q_klvx ijh

g_klb agZfy kh\_lkdh]h q_eh\_dZ b om^h`gbdZ

Ij_^ZggZy <Zf FZcy Iebk_pdZy

Bklhjby kh\_lkdhc iheblbq_kdhc p_gamju« K 539–541.

29. Ba aZibkdb D=; ijb Kh\_l_ Fbgbkljh\ KKKJ G K Ojms_\m h gZkljh_gbyo kh\_lkdhc bgl_eeb]_gpbb

bxey ]

< k\yab k ij_^klhysbf bxey k ] ijb_fhf bgl_eeb]_gpbb gZ ]hk^Z q_ “K_f_gh\kdh_” ^hdeZ^u\Zx <Zf g_dhlhju_ fZl_jbZeu h gZkljh_gbyo kh\_lkdhc bgl_eeb]_gpbb b __ j_Z]bjh\Zgbb gZ ijh\h^bfu_ iZjlb_c b ijZ\bl_evkl\hf f_jhijbylby

Ih^Z\eyxs__ [hevrbgkl\h bgl_eeb]_gpbb h^h[jy_l iheblbdm ijh \h^bfmx Dhffmgbklbq_kdhc iZjlb_c b Kh\_lkdbf ijZ\bl_evkl\hf \u khdh hp_gb\Z_l mki_ob gZr_]h ]hkm^Zjkl\Z \ fbjhex[b\hc \g_rg_c ih eblbd_ ^hklb`_gby khpbZebklbq_kdhc wdhghfbdb Z lZd`_ f_ju gZijZ\ e_ggu_ gZ ^Zevg_cr__ jZa\blb_ khpbZebklbq_kdhc ^_fhdjZlbb b memq

r_gb_ fZl_jbZevgh]h [eZ]hkhklhygby kh\_lkdbo ex^_c

IhdZaZl_e_g \ wlhf hlghr_gbb lZdhc nZdl :jlbkl ;hevr_]h l_ZljZ QM>GH<KDBC keue \ dhee_dlb\_ dZd q_eh\_d gbdh]^Z g_ \ukdZau\Z\-

rbc \kemo k\hbo fuke_c hkl_j_]Z\rbcky mqZkl\h\Zlv \ iheblbq_kdbo kihjZo < ^_gv him[ebdh\Zgby \ i_qZlb <Zrbo \uklmie_gbc gZ \klj_q_

]eZ\ ijZ\bl_evkl\ \ IZjb`_ hg \i_j\u_ ijbr_e \ l_Zlj k ]Za_lhc b \a\he- gh\Zggh aZy\be: “OJMS?< hldjue gh\mx wjm \ ^biehfZlbb k\hbfb ijy- fufb aZy\e_gbyfb klZ\bl \ g_eh\dh_ iheh`_gb_ ^biehfZlh\ bghkljZg-

guo ]hkm^Zjkl\”.

Ih\ukb\rZyky khagZl_evghklv iheblbq_kdZy aj_ehklv l\hjq_kdhc bg l_eeb]_gpbb aZf_lgZ b \ hp_gd_ ebgbb iZjlbb ijh\h^bfhc \ h[eZklb

ebl_jZlmju b bkdmkkl\Z

OZjZdl_jgu \ wlhc k\yab hldebdb l\hjq_kdhc bgl_eeb]_gpbb gZ him[-

ebdh\Zggmx \ “IjZ\^_” ihwfm L<:J>H<KDH=H “AZ ^Zevx – ^Zev” ?k

eb jZgvr_ ih^h[gh_ kh[ulb_ ihjh`^Zeh fZkkm jZaebqguo djb\hlhedh\ h[u\Zl_evkdbo ^hfukeh\ b [jxa`Zgbc lh gZ wlhl jZa [hevrbgkl\h l\hj

q_kdbo jZ[hlgbdh\ FRrehkv gZ _^bghf fg_gbb him[ebdh\Zgb_ ihwfu –

257

k\b^_l_evkl\h aZ[hlu iZjlbb h jZa\blbb kh\_lkdhc ebl_jZlmju gZ]ey^ guc ijbf_j ijb\e_q_gby a^hjh\uo ebl_jZlmjguo kbe d j_r_gbx iheb

lbq_kdbo aZ^Zq ihklZ\e_gguo iZjlb_c

LZd dbghj_`bkk_j D:JF?G ]h\hjbe “Him[ebdh\Zgb_f ihwfu

L<:J>H<KDH=H jmdh\h^kl\h iZjlbb _s_ jZa gZ ^_e_ kdZaZeh qlh hgh aZ kZfmx kmjh\mx ijZ\^m \ bkdmkkl\_ _keb wlh bkdmkkl\h b^_l hl k_j^pZ

Z g_ hl `_eZgby aehiuoZl_evkl\h\Zlv”.

Ihwl DBJK:GH< him[ebdh\Z\rbc ljb ]h^Z gZaZ^ b^_cgh ihjhqgmx ihwfm “K_fv ^g_c g_^_eb” b _s_ gZ ,,, kt_a^_ ibkZl_e_c \uklmib\rbc k

^_fZ]h]bq_kdbfb ijbau\Zfb aZy\be

“DZd ykgh \b^brv jy^hf k g_c ihwfhc L<:J>H<KDH=H \_kv ih

wlbq_kdbc fmkhj ij_l_g^mxsbc gZ hkljhlm b kf_ehklv Z gZ ih\_jdm y\ eyxsbcky imklha\hgkl\hf ex^br_d dhlhju_ Zg_d^hlu ijbgbfZxl aZ

gZjh^gmx ^mfm”.

Ihwl ;?AUF?GKDBC aZy\be “IhwfZ L<:J>H<KDH=H him[ebdh- \ZgZ lZd`_ ihlhfm qlh ij_h^he_gb_ dmevlZ ebqghklb – g_ lhevdh kh\_l-

kdh_ y\e_gb_ gh b dblZckdh_ b k_cqZk hgZ hkh[_ggh k\h_\j_f_ggZ”.

<f_kl_ k l_f \ g_dhlhjuo djm]Zo l\hjq_kdhc bgl_eeb]_gpbb g_ ba`b lu _s_ we_f_glu ]jmiih\sbgu \ hkgh\_ dhlhjuo ihfbfh ebqguo kbf iZlbc e_`Zl ih^qZk g_ijZ\bevgu_ \a]ey^u gZ jZa\blb_ kh\_lkdhc ebl_

jZlmju b bkdmkkl\Z

Ihke_ him[ebdh\Zgby aZdexqbl_evguo ]eZ\ ihwfu : L<:J>H<- KDH=H “AZ ^Zevx – ^Zev” ibkZl_ev I:MKLH<KDBC gZijbf_j gZa\Ze

wlm ihwfm “b_amblkdhc”...

KZlbjbd b xfhjbkl E:G>:M hlf_lbe qlh ih _]h fg_gbx \ ihwf_ g_l gbq_]h ijbf_qZl_evgh]h qlh ^ey g__ oZjZdl_jgu [e_deu_ lhgZ b qlh Z\lhj \ dhgp_ ijhba\_^_gby k\h^bl gZ g_l \k_ lh qlh \gZqZe_ fh]eh h[_ sZlv g_qlh gh\h_ GZ[ex^Z_lky ]jmiih\sbgZ kj_^b ^jZfZlmj]h\ < qZkl ghklb \hdjm] ^jZfZlmj]h\ :J;MAH<: b \ f_gvr_c f_j_ JHAH<: keh

`beZkv ]jmiiZ ^jZfZlmj]h\ RL?CG AHJBG, RLHD R:LJH< := J:G?GDH <HEH>BG b ^j dhlhju_ kiehq_gu gZ g_a^hjh\hc hkgh\_ “[hjv[u” k ^jZfZlmj]b_c “klZebgkdh]h j_`bfZ” k lZd gZau\Z_fufb

“ijZ\h\_jgufb eZdbjh\sbdZfb” d qbkem dhlhjuo wlZ ]jmiiZ hlghkbl

lZdbo kh\_lkdbo ^jZfZlmj]h\ dZd DHJG?CQMD IH=H>BG, KHNJH GH< <BJL: F>B<:GB b ^jm]bo Ijb\_j`_g_p gZa\Zgghc ]jmiiu ^jZfZlmj]h\ ]eZ\guc j_`bkk_j l_ZljZ “Kh\j_f_ggbd” ?NJ?FH< ih

klZ\b\rbc g_^Z\gh b^_cgh ihjhqgmx iv_km “=heuc dhjhev” lZd hij_^_ ey_l jhev l_ZljZ \ gug_rgbo mkeh\byo “GZf ]h\hjyl ©>_eZ m gZk \

kljZg_ b^ml ohjhrhª : fu kh kp_gu ^he`gu g_klb ih^l_dkl Hc eb”.

GZ^h kdZaZlv qlh bf_xsb_ky m g_dhlhjuo ij_^klZ\bl_e_c l\hjq_kdhc bgl_eeb]_gpbb jZagh]eZkby g_^hklZlhqgZy q_ldhklv b^_cguo ihabpbc b

258

g_ihgbfZgb_ ijbgpbiZ iZjlbcghklb \ \hijhkZo l\hjq_kl\Z ijb\h^yl d lhfm qlh gZ wlhc ihq\_ jh`^Zxlky bgh]^Z b^_heh]bq_kdb \j_^gu_ ]jmi iu \h ]eZ\_ dhlhjuo klZgh\ylky jZaebqgh]h jh^Z ^_evpu hl bkdmkkl\Z Hgb \j_^gh \ebyxl gZ l\hjq_kdmx fheh^_`v ijb\b\Zxl _c qm`^u_ kh

\_lkdhfm bkdmkkl\m \a]ey^u b gjZ\u iulZxlky b]jZlv jhev [hjph\ “aZ ih^ebggh_, ijZ\^b\h_ bkdmkkl\h”.

< gZklhys__ \j_fy Dhfbl_lhf ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc [_ahiZkghklb jZah[- eZq_gZ ih^h[gZy ]jmiiZ \ha]eZ\ey\rZyky iheblbq_kdbf ijhoh^bfp_f b m]heh\guf ij_klmigbdhf =BGA;MJ=HF

=BGA;MJ= baeZ]Zy k\hx “ieZlnhjfm” \ “ebl_jZlmjghf fZgbn_kl_”

“KdZevi_ev” k Zglbkh\_lkdbo ihabpbc ^Z_l hp_gdb kh\_lkdhc ebl_jZlmj_

Hg h[\bgy_l g_ lhevdh hl^_evguo ibkZl_e_c gh \kx iheblbq_kdmx b l\hjq_kdmx ^_yl_evghklv KhxaZ kh\_lkdbo ibkZl_e_c Hg ml\_j`^Z_l

qlh “wlh g_ Khxa ibkZl_e_c wlh ihfhcgZy yfZ ba dhlhjhc g_ij_ju\gh

bkoh^bl aeh\hgb_ kZfh]h jZaghh[jZagh]h lmihmfby b rZjeZlZgkl\Z Wlh khxa ihemljmih\ dhlhjuo m`_ g_ kiZk_l dbkehjh^gZy ih^mrdZ b^_heh

]bq_kdbo ^h]f”.

H[\bgyy \k_o b \ky aZ g_ijZ\bevgmx hp_gdm l\hjq_kl\Z I:KL?J:-

D: hg g_^h\hevgh kijZrb\Z_l \ wlhf “fZgbn_kl_”: “Fh`_l wlb kdhluhg bf__l \ \b^m kh\_lkdbo ibkZl_e_c ^mfZxl qlh N:>??< h^gbf \u klj_ehf kfue iylgZ djh\b b k ljmkeb\uo ^mr"”

>Zevr_ hg ijbau\Z_l \ujZklblv lZdh]h bkdmkgh]h dmag_pZ dhlhjuc [u jZa[be hdh\u ba gZjmqgbdh\ k ih[jydmrdZfb \h^hjh^guo [hf[ b hk

\h[h^be gZjh^

< gZklhys__ \j_fy \ hlghr_gbb =BGA;MJ=: b DHKBGKDH=H D=; ijb Kh\_l_ Fbgbkljh\ KKKJ \ha[m`^_gh m]heh\gh_ ij_ke_^h\Zgb_ b

\_^_lky ke_^kl\b_

H[jZsZxl gZ k_[y \gbfZgb_ b lZdb_ nZdlu dh]^Z hl^_evgu_ ba\_kl- gu_ ij_^klZ\bl_eb l\hjq_kdhc bgl_eeb]_gpbb ihdjh\bl_evkl\mxl lZdh]h jh^Z ^_evpZf b l_f kZfuf ih^gbfZxl \_k \ ]eZaZo hdjm`Zxsbo

LZd \ ihk_ed_ EbZghah\h ih^ Fhkd\hc ijh`b\Z_l om^h`gbd-Z[-

kljZdpbhgbkl J:;BG `beZy dhfgZlZ dhlhjh]h ij_\jZlbeZkv ih km-

s_kl\m \ k\h_h[jZaguc fma_c Z[kljZdlgh]h bkdmkkl\Z GZ d\Zjlbj_ J: ;BG: kh[bjZxlky _]h _^bghfure_ggbdb bgh]^Z __ ihk_sZxl bgh

kljZgpu dhlhjuf hohlgh ^_fhgkljbjmxlky b ijh^Zxlky h[jZapu “ih^

ebggh]h kh\_lkdh]h bkdmkkl\Z gZoh^ys_]hky \ ih^ihev_”.

D\Zjlbjm J:;BG: ihk_sZeb lZdb_ ba\_klgu_ kh\_lkdb_ ebl_jZlhju dZd WJ?G;MJ= KEMPDBC F:JLUGH< qlh ih^h]j_\Zeh mqZklgbdh\ k[hjbs kihkh[kl\h\Zeh jZkijhkljZg_gbx Z\lhjbl_lZ kj_^b bo ihdehg gbdh\ <f_kl_ k l_f \ kj_^_ l\hjq_kdbo jZ[hlgbdh\ ^ebl_evgh_ \j_fy Zdlb\gh h[km`^Zxlky g_dhlhju_ \hijhku lj_[mxsb_ ih bo fg_gbx

ijbgpbibZevgh]h j_r_gby

259