- •1. Phonetics as a science. Its branches and methods.
- •2. Phonetics as a science. Its Aspects.
- •3. Phonetics as a science. Its components
- •4. Connection of Phonetics with other branches of Linguistics (Grammar, Lex-gy, Sty-cs).
- •5. Classification of the organs of speech according to their sound-producing functions
- •6. Vowel classification.
- •9. Differences in the articulation basis of English and Russian vowels. Typical mistakes
- •7. Modification of vowels in connected speech
- •8. Principles of Consonant classification.
- •10. Differences in the Articulation Bases of the English and Russian Consonants. Typical mistakes of Russian learners.
- •11. Modiffication of consonants in connected speech
- •12. The Main Types of Accomodation
- •13. Assimilation according to its direction and degree
- •14. Modification of Consonants according to the Place of Articulation
- •15. Modification of consonants according to the manner of articulation
- •16. Differences in the process of Assimilation concerning the English and Russian languages.
- •17. The phomene: the problem of its definition
- •18. The Main Aspects of the Phoneme.
- •20, The Main Trends in the Phoneme Theory. Different points of View.
- •II. Functional view - special focus is given to the ability of the phoneme to differentiate the meaning.
- •21. Methods of phonological analysis
- •22. The phoneme and its Allophones. Their interrelation
- •23. Phonological and phonetic mistakes
- •Allophones. Their Classification.
- •25. The problem of neutralization of the phonemic opposition. Two main trends: Moscow and St.Petersburg
- •26. Typology of Accentual Structure of English words (worked out by Torsuev)
- •28. Functions of Word Stress: recessive retentive rhythmical semantic.
- •27. Word Stress. Its Nature, Position and Degree.
- •29. Intonation. The problem of its definition. Different approaches
- •30. Intonation. Its Notation, Different approaches.
- •31. The main structural components of the intonation pattern
- •32.Functions of Intonation.
- •34. Stylistic use of intonation.
- •33. The notion of the English rhythm
- •35. Pronunciation standards of English
9. Differences in the articulation basis of English and Russian vowels. Typical mistakes
distinctly differentiated vowel sounds. difficulties in the production and differentiation of - [ɔ], [ɔː] as in [ɔi]. gliding quality, such as diphthongs and diphthongoids are English. Russian no such vowels. A flat mixed position of the tongue - central vowels of the English. English vowels by certain tenseness of articulation. Lip protrusion common in Russian.
don’t observe the length of the vowel; -the difference in the articulation [i:-i], [u:-u], [ɔː- ɔ]; -they substitute English by similar Russian, they pronounce i:, i, e without the flat position of the lips; -in the combination cons + vowel palatalize cons and a vowel -> more narrow; - rounded sounds with the lips protruded; - the sound -> more narrow <- don’t open the mouth properly; -don’t observe the positional length of vowels. both elements of the diphthong -> equally distinct. initial vowels with a glottal stop.
7. Modification of vowels in connected speech
The modifications of vowels - either quantitative or qualitative or both. factors: the position of the vowel in the word, accentual structure, tempo of speech, rhythm, etc.
The decrease of the vowel quantity - the shortening of the vowel length - quantitative modification of vowels:
The shortening of length in unstressed positions, e.g blackboard [ɔː], sorrow [ɔu] (reduction). Syntactic words (служебные слова)
Is ->he or \she to blame? - [hi:]
But: At last he has \come. - [hi]
The length <- position in a word. It varies in different phonetic environments. positional length, e.g. knee(terminal) – need(voiced) – neat(voiceless) (accommodation).
Qualitative modification - unstressed positions. lose their "colour", their quality, which is illustrated by the examples below:
syllables vowels of full value to qualitative changes, e.g. man [mæn] - sportsman ['spɔːtsmən), conduct ['kondəkt] - conduct [kən'dʌkt]. -the neutralized (reduced) allophones of the same phonemes as the same morphemes
high frequency of [ə] is the result of the rhythmic pattern: a short duration -> is reduced. stressed syllables alternate with unstressed ones. a full vowel becomes [ə], and [ə] becomes a full vowel. Compare: analyse ['ænəlaɪz] - analysis [ə'nælɪsɪs]; impossible [ə] in a stressed syllable, impossible a full vowel in unstressed
in Russian: well-developed system of unstressed vowels. All vowels are to reduction especially [о] and [и]. The degree of weakening <- the place of the unstressed vowel in relation to the stressed one. e.g. молоко [мʌлəко'].
nasalization marks [n], [m], e.g. "never", "no", "then", "men" (accommodation).
The realization of reduction is connected with the style of speech. In rapid colloquial speech - zero reduction: a sequence of unstressed syllables, e.g. history, factory, literature, territory; initial unstressed syllables preceding the stressed one, e,g. correct, believe, suppose, perhaps. a stage-by-stage reduction (including zero reduction) of a phrase: Has he done it? - [hæz hi◦ ,dʌn ɪt]