Маркетинг
Какова роль, назначение маркетинга?
Marketing is the art of finding out what the other person wants and then manufacturing it for him.
Каковы основные принципы (или цели) маркетинга?
In all activities marketing is guided by two basic principles: the satisfaction of customer needs and profitability.
Какие виды деятельности включает в себя маркетинг?
Marketing includes all the business activities connected with the movement of goods and services from producers to consumers. Sometimes it is called distribution. On the one hand, marketing is made up of such activities as transporting, storing and selling goods, and on the other hand it includes such marketing operations as product planning, marketing research, pricing and promotion selling.
На какие группы принято подразделять сферы маркетинга?
In marketing it is customary to organize various sectors into three broad groups: consumer goods, industrial goods and services. Consumer goods are products bought by individual consumers and householders. Industrial goods are products bought by corporations or institutions such as schools or hospitals. In services sector, what is bought by client is mainly not a tangible product but a service.
Что необходимо для того, чтобы компания расширялась и получала прибыль?
The ultimate objective of a business corporation is to generate profits. Satisfying customer needs is a necessary condition to achieve this objective, but it may not be sufficient. The corporation must select not only the customer needs which it will satisfy, but also the actions that it should undertake to this end, in such way that the firm is profitable. So companies need to be constantly engaged in product development, if they wish to grow and make profits.
С чего должен начинаться процесс маркетинга и почему? Что такое сегментация рынка? Как она осуществляется?
Marketing research is very important for a marketer and helps him to determine what customer needs are. The most important branch of marketing research is demand analysis. Marketing experts have developed techniques for determining the needs of prospective customers. It is done by way of market segmentation. Every market can be divided into segments or, in other words, into separate groups of consumers. Use is made of demographic and psychographic factors.
Что подразумевается под «four P’s»?
If you want to win a market you should be guided by four controllable factors – the Four P’s: product, price, place and promotion. It means the item made for sale, how much it will cost, where it will be sold and what publicity it will get.
Каковы основные стадии жизненного цикла продукта и отчего зависит его продолжительность?
All products and services have what is traditionally called “product life cycles”. The stages of the product life cycle are: introduction, growth, maturity and decline. The length of product life cycle depends, first of all, upon the intensity of competition and the extent to which the new product is an innovation or modification.
Как/кем устанавливаются цены на продукты и от чего они зависят?
All products and all services have their prices. The price depends on different things such as credit terms, delivery, quality and others. Prices can be determined in different ways. For example, the prices for agricultural products can be decided in large central markets where forces of supply and demand exist. This is pure price competition. The prices on industrial goods are usually decided by large companies. Prices also can be set by the government.
Что включается в понятие («promotion») стимулирование сбыта?
Promotion includes all forms of marketing communication: advertising, direct mail, customer service, image, special events, sales, etc.
Биржи
Какие типы бирж вы знаете? Какого рода продукция продается на фондовой бирже?
There are two main types of exchanges – the Commodity Exchange and the Stock Exchange. Stock Exchange is the marketplace where listed securities can be traded efficiently,
Всеми ли видами товаров торгуют на товарной бирже?
Commodity Exchange is the marketplace where goods are goods are bought and sold according to grades or standards and on the basis of standard contract terms. Commodity Exchanges usually deal in raw materials and some items of produce, such as cotton, wheat, vegetable oils etc, as these goods can be accurately graded and the grades practically remain unchanged every year. Nowadays Commodity Exchanges are losing their role as markets of physical goods and are becoming mainly futures exchanges where deals are chiefly made for speculation purposes or for hedging.
Какие факторы влияют на цены на товарных биржах?
Prices at these exchanges are determined by a complex interaction of factors. It may be said that the main factors governing prices are the interaction of supply and demand, the quality of the goods offered, the terms of contracts.
Какие виды товаров предлагаются на аукционах?
The goods like fur, tea, bristles, spices whose quality varies from year to year from lot to lot cannot be accurately graded and are sold at auctions according to sample.
Что нужно компании для того, чтобы её акции котировались на бирже?
To be admitted to the exchange, company should to apply for a place on the “Official List”. To do this, a company must give as complete picture of itself as possible: its trading history and financial record, management and business prospects.
Каково основное назначение фондового рынка?
Stock Exchange brings together those wanting to raise capital (whether industry or government) with those who wish to invest.
Кто может быть участником фондового рынка и что нужно сделать, чтобы акции компании котировались на бирже?
Stock Exchange brings together those wanting to raise-capital (whether industry or government) with those who wish to invest. It is made up of a broad spectrum of participants including listed companies, individual investors, institutional investors, securities firms and dealers with assigned responsibility. Companies raise money through the issue of shares on the Exchange’s market. To be admitted to the exchange, they apply for a place on the “Official List”. To do this, a company must give as complete picture of itself as possible: its trading history and financial record, management and business prospects.
Все ли компании продают и покупают акции на фондовой бирже?
No. Only companies with a means of raising capital from investors in order to finance their business and companies with a means of investing their money in potentially profitable activities are bought and sold listed securities in Stock Exchange.
Какие ценные бумаги продаются на фондовой бирже?
На какие 2 группы их можно разделить? По какому принципу?
Банки
Какие типы банков входят в банковскую систему Великобритании? Какова их основная функция?
The British banking system includes 3 types of banks: Savings banks, The commercial banks and The merchant banks.
Savings banks keep money safe until it is needed. The commercial banks, owned by shareholders and working for profit, offer many services. Their primary business is receipt, transfer and encashment of different types of deposits. They receive money from savers on current and deposit accounts and in their turn lend the deposited money to customers who need capital.
Services of The merchant banks include: issuing shares for companies; arranging international payments and finance; making large loans to UK and foreign businesses; taking large deposits from businesses and managing investments for businesses and other organizations.
Что вы знаете о центральном банке Соединенного Королевства?
The Bank of England is the central bank of the United Kingdom. It was founded in 1694 by Royal Charter. It acts as the bank for the Government and works in close cooperation with the other banks: as the central note-issuing authority and as agent of the Government for important financial operations. The Bank also undertakes management of the National Debt and the administration of exchange control. Thus it is through the Bank of England that the Government's monetary policy is implemented.
Какие услуги оказывают сберегательные банки? Виды счетов?
Savings banks keep money safe until it is needed. The National Savings Bank receives money from its customers in two distinct forms: on current account and on deposit account. With a current account, a customer can issue personal cheques. No interest is paid by the bank on this type of account. With a deposit account however, the customer undertakes to leave his money in the bank for a specified period of time. Interest is paid on this money.
Каким образом коммерческие банки получают свою основную прибыль?
They receive money from savers on current and deposit accounts and in their turn lend the deposited money to customers who need capital. This activity earns interest for the bank and this interest is almost always at a higher rate than any interest which the bank pays to its depositors.
Чем, главным образом, занимаются торговые банки?
Services of The merchant banks include: issuing shares for companies; arranging international payments and finance; making large loans to UK and foreign businesses; taking large deposits from businesses and managing investments for businesses and other organizations.
Способы оплаты товаров и услуг. Какой из них наиболее удобный?
There are several convenient ways of paying for goods and services: current account, credit cards, regular payments, using automated telling machines and traveler’s cheques. The most convenient of them is the way of paying for things by using credit or purchases cards.
Способы предоставления кредита физическим лицам? (счет ссуд, кредитные карты, овердрафт).
There are three main types of providing credits for individuals: credit cards, personal loan and overdraft. Credit card allows customer to spend up to a limit which has been agreed. At the end of a month the credit-holder receives a statement showing what he has spent. He can then pay for all the purchases with one cheque either by posting it off for the credit-card company or by paying into the bank. The most common way of borrowing money from a bank is to open a loan account. The customer takes the money he needs from the account and agrees to pay back so much every month. Overdraft means that the customer can draw more money out of his ordinary current account than he actually has in it up to an agreed limit.
Как банк может помочь осуществлять регулярные платежи?
There are some payments that have to be made regularly, say, every month such as insurance premiums or the rent for your house, for instance. In this case there's no need to make out any cheques at all. Instead, a customer signs what it called a standing order or a direct debit mandate, and the bank sees that the regular bill is paid every month, providing of course, that a customer keeps enough money in his account.
Где и как можно получить наличные, если банки закрыты?
Cash now can be obtained from ATM (cash dispensers) by using special cash-cards together with a private code (PIN). By using special terminals customers will be able to pay for their purchases by transferring money directly from their bank account to the shop's account.
Что, кроме валюты, можно получить в банке для поездки за границу?
When you go abroad the bank provides foreign currency or traveler’s cheques which are accepted by foreign banks, hotels, shops in almost every country in the world. And if the worst does happen and the cheques are stolen or lost, provided the customer has kept a note of a series or numbers, then the bank will replace it so that the holiday enjoyment will not be spoilt.