Grammar: The Verb. Passive Voice

11. Look at the text again and:

a) find passive verb forms (be + V3)

Example: It was established in May, 1920.

b) write one word to complete each sentence

• The Tatar Soviet Socialist Republic … established on the territory of the former Kazan Province.

• Our Republic … situated in the Middle Volga region.

• Its territory can … divided into several economic regions.

• Large capacity lorries … manufactured in Kama Automobile Works.

• More than 4 m hectares of land … cultivated.

p. 14 Grammar Backup Unit 2 (The Verb. Passive Voice)

Grammar: Participle II (V3)

12. What are the main forms of the verb? Look at the text and find at least thirteen examples of Past Participle (V3).

13. Write the past participles of these verbs.

Regular: establish, situate, divide, manufacture

Irregular: know, have, be

p. 12, 15 Grammar Backup Unit 2 (Forms of the Verb, Participle II (V3)

Grammar: Comparison

14. What do we add to short regular adjectives to make comparatives? What do we add to long adjectives?

15. Complete the chart with comparatives from the text.

	Comparative forms	Superlative forms
big
large
many/much
industrialized

p. 17 Grammar Backup Unit 2 (Comparison)

Speaking about Tatarstan

16. Answer the questions about the text.

1) When and where was the Tatar Republic established?

2) What can you say about its territory, location and population?

3) Where are the main industrial centers located?

4) What industries are most developed in the Republic?

5) Can the Republic provide itself with agricultural products?

6) What can you say about its foreign economic affairs?

Grammar Backup Unit 2

Forms of the Verb

	I	II	III	IV
	Infinitive	Past Simple	Participle II	Participle I
	to V	V2	V3	Ving
Regular	to produce	produced	produced	producing
Irregular	to give	gave	given	giving

1. Give the main forms of the verbs.

I	II	III	IV
	was, were
			having
	did
		gone
to adjust
			paying
		taken
	arrived
to become
			exceeding
	gave
		made
	included
			selling
to bring
to cause
			lending
		paid
to earn
			getting
	lost
to sow
			breeding

The Verb. Active Voice

	Indefinite	Continuous	Perfect	Perfect Continuous
Present	V(s)	am/is/are + Ving	have/has + V3	have/has been + Ving
	делает (обычно)	делает (сейчас)	сделал (уже)	делает (до сих пор)
Past	V2	was/were + Ving	had + V3	had been + Ving
	делал/сделал	делал	сделал	делал
Future	shall/will + V	shall/will be + Ving	shall/will have + V3	shall/will have been + Ving
	будет делать сделает	будет делать	сделает	будет делать

1. Make affirmative, interrogative and negative statements.

Tense	Verb	Positive	Question	Negative
Present Ind.	She/agree	She agrees.	Does she agree?	She doesn’t agree.
Pr. Cont.	He/leave
Past Ind.	They/leave
Past Cont.	He/limit
Pr. Perfect	They/arrive
Pr. Perfect Cont.	She/work
Past Perfect	They/do
Past Perfect Cont.	They/give
Future Ind.	He/leave
Future Cont.	They/work/ tomorrow
Future Perfect	They/leave/ by tomorrow
Future Perfect Cont.	They/work/ all day

2. Translate.

1) Our company operates in many overseas markets. 2) The number of people using the Internet is growing. 3) Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone. 4) He sold his shares quickly because their value was plummeting. 5) Prior to be becoming a production manager he had studied math and philosophy. 6) Before they closed down the subsidiary, it had been loosing money for years. 7) They have adapted their website. 8) What projects have you been working on recently? 9) You will enjoy your visit to our Head Office. 10) At the end of the year we will have recovered our initial investment. 11) Over the next few years average temperature will be rising. 12) Will you have been working out this project?

The Verb. Passive Voice

	Indefinite	Continuous	Perfect
Present	am/is/are + V3	am/is/are + being + V3	have/has + been + V3
	делается/сделано	делается	сделано
Past	was/were + V3	was/were + being + V3	had been + V3
	делалось/ было сделано	делалось	было сделано
Future	shall/will + be + V3		shall/will + have been + V3
	будет делаться будет сделано		будет сделано

• Passive Voice используется для выражения действий, совершаемых над объектами.

• Е

  be + V3

  be + V3 + by

  сли нет необходимости знать, кто выполняет действие, используется конструкция e.g. The company was set up in 2007.

• Если субъект воздействия известен, используется предлог by

e.g. The telephone was invented by A..G. Bell.

• Возможно сочетание с модальными глаголами и их эквивалентами

can/may/must etc. + be + V3

e.g. The shipment may be delayed.

1. Change into Passive.

Example: Karl Marx wrote Das Kapital.

Das Kapital was written by Karl Marx.

1) The Board of Directors will discuss the proposal. 2) They make Renault cars in Slovenia. 3) They have transferred him to the New York office. 4) They had made a full investigation. 5) Did anyone inform the Chairman? 6) I didn’t realize that someone was listening to my telephone conversations.

2. Translate.

1) The company has been taken over. 2) He was promoted to the post of Sales Director. 3) Make sure that your mobile phone is switched off during important meetings. 4) Jobs are created where society needs them. 5) A conference program will be sent to you on receipt of your fee. 6) A new house is being built. 7) Special attention had been given to the process of privatization. 8) All tenders and supporting documents must be returned by 31 March. 9) Lomonosov may be justly considered as the founder of Russian science. 10) The project is to be put into operation next month. 11) By that time, the output will have to be brought up to 500 million tons.

The Verb. Participle II (V3)

Functions	Translation	Examples
определение	страдательным причастием с суффиксами -ем, -им, -нн, -т	Exports are goods and services sold to other countries.
обстоятельство (с союзами when/if/as)	безличным придаточным предложением, вводимым союзами когда, если, как	When asked, he answered at once.
часть сложного сказуемого have + V3 be + V3	глаголом, соответствующим форме английского глагола	The company has developed a new model of equipment.

NB Past Participle (V3) всех стандартных и многих нестандартных глаголов совпадает по форме с глаголами в Past Simple:

e.g. to produce – produced – produced

to buy – bought – bought

to get – got – got