6. What are the types of pollution of the biosphere? Give a brief description.

Physical pollution:

The source of thermal pollution within the urban area is the underground gas pipelines of industrial objects (140-160 C), heating supply (50-150 C), return headers and communications and communications (35-45 C), etc.

Acoustic/Noise pollution. For a man the noise of 20-30 dB is almost harmless, 80 dB are the permissible limit, 130 dB and more cause pain, and 150 dB - are no longer tolerated.

Electromagnetic pollution. The source can be regarded in high voltage power lines, electrical, antennas and radio stations, broadcasting and more, recently in microwave ovens, computers and cell phones.

Radioactive contamination. The radiation penetrates the living tissues, like tiny bullets. It leaves no external signs and by itself is not felt, but it can destroy the molecules in the cells.

Chemical pollution a change in the chemical properties of the natural environment, resulting in significantly increased amount of any substance in excess of natural background.

Biological pollution it is accidental or due to human activities the penetration of alien plants, animals and microorganisms (bacteriological) into the exploited ecosystem and technological devices.

6. Describe Advanced msw treatment technologies (amswtt)

Advanced MSW treatment technologies (AMSWTT)

AMSWTT also referred to as waste to energy (WTE) technologies require 5 components:

1. Front end MSW pre-processing: is used to prepare MSW for treatment by the AMSWTT and separate any recyclables;

2. Conversion unit (reactor);

3. Gas and residue treatment plant (optional);

4. Energy recovery plant (optional): Energy / chemicals production system includes gas turbine, boiler, internal combustion engines for power production. Alternatively, ethanol or other organic chemicals can be produced;

5. Emissions clean up.

These techniques will be discussed in next lecture more detailed.

6. Illustrate and give explanation to Life-Cycle Asessments, highlight four linked components of lca.

Life Cycle Assessment:

A systematic set of procedures for compiling and examining the inputs and outputs of materials and energy and the associated environmental impacts directly attributable to the functioning of a product or service system throughout its life cycle.

LCA is a technique for assessing the potential environmental aspects and potential aspects associated with a product (or service), by:

• compiling an inventory of relevant inputs and outputs,

• evaluating the potential environmental impacts associated with those inputs and outputs,

• interpreting the results of the inventory and impact phases in relation to the objectives of the study.

There are four linked components of LCA:

1. Goal definition and scoping: identifying the LCA's purpose and the expected products of the study, and determining the boundaries (what is and is not included in the study) and assumptions based upon the goal definition;

2. Life-cycle inventory: quantifying the energy and raw material inputs and environmental releases associated with each stage of production;

3. Impact analysis: assessing the impacts on human health and the environment associated with energy and raw material inputs and environmental releases quantified by the inventory;

4. Improvement analysis: evaluating opportunities to reduce energy, material inputs, or environmental impacts at each stage of the product life-cycle.