5. Describe the pollution of the hydrosphere with oil and petroleum products.

Oil and petroleum products corresponds to the most harmful chemical pollutants. Each year, more than 10 million tons of oil enters into the ocean due to contaminated surface of the tankers, the leakage of raw materials during the drilling.

Consequences:

Just 1 ton of oil is able to cover 12 m3 of the sea surface.

A film of oil changes all the physico-chemical processes: the increased temperature of the surface layer of water is deteriorating gas exchange, fish leaves, or dies.

Changing hydrobiological conditions in the ocean, affects the balance of oxygen in the atmosphere, and thus directly on the climate.

Soluble components of oil are very toxic.

Insoluble components of the oil precipitate to the bottom of the sea

6. Describe the mechanism of formation of acid rain.

The sulphur dioxide (SO2) combines with oxygen, passes into sulfur trioxide (SO3), and combines with water vapor to form sulfuric acid (H2 SO4). The solutions of sulfuric acid in the form of droplets of mist are kept in the air and with the rain are falling on the ground - acid rain.

6. Describe the most pressing environmental problems of Kazakhstan oil and gas sector.

Development of deep "subsalt" recovery (Karachaganak, Kenkiyak, Zhanazhol, Tengiz, etc.) with a high content of sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, sulfides, disulfides, mercaptans, very sharp impact on the environment and hazardous to the health of population;

• Increased volumes of technical and technological waste: incidental water, associated gases, sludge, waste associated with dehydration, desalting of oil in the preparation, millions of tons of lump sulfur; • Oil production in the protected zone of the Caspian Sea. Drilling operations at sea increases the likelihood of accidents (hydrogen sulfide emissions, oil) and a threat of catastrophic pollution of the sea, the formation of sediments, coastal thickets, as well as poisoning of living organisms over large areas.

6. Describe the mechanism of destruction of the ozone layer

Substances such as CFC and HCFC deplete the ozone layer , which results in an increase in the number of ultraviolet rays which reach the earth. 1)CFC are emitted and reach the ozone layer 2) CFC are broken down by the sun's ultraviolet rays, and chlorine atoms are released into the ozone layer , thus causing a chain resolution of the ozone layer .

6. Illustrate the Oxygen cycle as essential atmospheric cycle, define the five processes in the nitrogen cycle

The oxygen cycle is the biogeochemical cycle that describes the movement of oxygen within and between its three main reservoirs: the atmosphere (air), the biosphere (living things), and the lithosphere (Earth's crust).

The main driving factor of the oxygen cycle is photosynthesis, which is responsible for the modern Earth's atmosphere and life.

The five processes in the nitrogen cycle -- fixation, uptake, mineralization, nitrification, and denitrification -- are all driven by microorganisms.