Verb: voice

The verbal category of voice shows the direction of the process as regards the participants of the situation reflected in the syntactic construction.

The voice of the English verb is expressed by the opposition of the passive form of the verb to the active form of the verb. The sign marking the passive form is the combination of the auxiliary be with the past participle of the conjugated verb (in symbolic notation: be ... en — see Ch. II, § 5). The passive form as the strong member of the opposition expresses reception of the action by the subject of the syntactic construction (i.e. the "passive" subject, denoting the object of the action); the active form as the weak member of the opposition leaves this meaning unspecified, i.e. it expresses "non-passivity".

The Verb- Voice. 2 approaches to defin. 1 V expresses the relations b\w the doer & the action (G.Gurme, H.Boutsma, Варкударов). 2. V expresses the relation b\w the subj & the obj of the action (Гордон). V is the form of the verb, which shows whether the subject and the object affected by the predicate. Obvious opposition – active (no special indicator) & pas (aux ‘to be’). Pas is represented by tense & aspect forms. (Ex- Indef, Perf, Cont pas: pres- past- future). In E 3 types of pas constr: 1) direct passive-direct obj in AV subj in PV (was helped by..), 2) indirect pas- derived from the V wh can take non-prep obj in AV: give, ask, send…(he was asked a quest), 3 obligatory parts- sbj, pred, direct obj. No in Rus. 3) prepos passive constr- former prepos obj  sbj in passive (he was laughed at by the boys), 3 parts- sbj, predict, prepos. In Rus start with prep. Not transitivity but ability to take any kind of obj is of importance while derive passive constr. ‘to be +PrtII’ has 2 gram m- 1) passive action performed upon a thing (simple pred) 2) expresses physical\ psychic state (comp nom predict). Criteria. PV if: ‘by-phrase’; adv modif of time, manner, place; perf or cont aspect; +another V in active. PV used in E more frequently, convenient not to mention the doer, or to underline him (…by the wind). In add to PV & AV- Reflexive V. Opponents- RV used after trans v should be treated as direct obj (She washed herself and a child). Supporters in favor- peculiar gram m shows that the action is concentrated un the doer (I wash myself), в рус «-ся». A paradigm \a set of forms united by 1 gram m\ of the RV (V+ myself, himself…).  can accept the idea of 3 voices in E.

Verb: mood

§ 1. The category of mood, undoubtedly, is the most controversial category of the verb. The category of mood expresses the character of connection between the process denoted by the verb and the actual reality. The category of mood, undoubtedly, is the most controversial category of the verb. The category of mood expresses the character of connection between the process denoted by the verb and the actual reality. The Verb- Mood. . Vinogr: mood expr-s the relation of the action to reality as stated by the speaker. we can represent an action as a real fact, unreal but highly probable, very doubtful. The # of moods- disputable, fluctuates from 2 (Imp excluded) to 16. Tradit # of moods is 3. Feature- the bare infin, can be met in all 3 moods. )Go there. I insist he go there. I go there.) (1)The Ind.M. shows that the speaker represents an action as a real fact. It represents every action as corresponding to reality. Doubts- in the Future of the Ind M the action has not been performed so it doesn’t correspond to reality. But if compare with Subj M - degree of its probability is higher. (1)I’ll come & help you. 2)I would like to come & help you). (2) The Imper M..Not all scholars (Curme) include it because it is represented by 1 form only which is homonymous to the form of bare infinitive & it has no paradigm. H.Sweet- it has its own gram.m. diff from the Ind. or Subj.M-s. Features: it has no person, number, tense distinctions. it’s used only in 1 type of sent (imper). it has a specific modal meaning of inducement (a command, prohibition, order, request, advice, offer, invitation). The negative form is alw derived with the help of aux. ‘do’ including the V ‘to be’, if with bare inf- negat particle before it (we decided not to go there). It has an analytical construction (to address to the 3d pers). Analytical & synthetic forms. (Let me speak (anal). Speak! (synth).). (3) Subj M.- to present an action as unreal, as a supposition. Very old- in OE synthet-ly w\h of inflections reduced, coincided with the Ind M., homonymy. In early ModE- analyt forms (aux-es should/would, may/might, could). 2 tense forms- express various degrees of probability of an action. Pres Subj- in the form of likelihood, hopefulness, action refers to the Pres, Fut, chance to perform it (. If you invited me to your birthday party I would come). Past Subj- unlikelihood, imposs (perfect forms of V) (If you had invited me I should have come). 2 forms- synth=bare inf (I demand he go there), analyt- pres.subj (should would may could + inf) past (+perf.inf). 2 fields of use: contex free- simple sent to express good will (God bless you!). Cases- subj m homon to ind m.BUT unambig case- 3d pers sing in Ind m (inflex –s). Attention to gram & lex indicators.(I know he does it. I demand he do it.) Contex bound usage- a variety of dif combinations of forms. 1) In princ clause - it’s necessary, imp, oblige  in subord cl- synth form or analyt should+inf (It is agreed that they discuss the matter right now). 2) in attributive clauses after the N-s: decision, demand, order synth or analyt. (My recommendation is that you take your exam in May.) The purpose- gram indic conj that, so that + may/might \ can/could + inf. (She rushed forward so that she might see everything). –conj lest & should+inf (She started running lest she should miss the train). Sequence of tenses: 1) princ & subord cl- simult action  synth form of Past Subj (She looked at me as if she were concealing smth). 2) action in subord follows action of princ in subord would+inf.