Lexicological Analysis Full format for oral presentation

I. Etymology of the words.

Even a brief etymological survey of the English vocabulary shows that it contains an immense number of words of foreign origin 70-80 %. On the other hand, the native element (Indo-European or Common Germanic), which makes up about 30% of the vocabulary, possesses a very high frequency of usage, so that in actual speech native words are predominant. In the text under analysis native words are identified as being monosyllabic, polysemantic, possessing very high word-building power, denoting things and phenomena of everyday life: boy, floor, room, man, iron, head hand nose, fattier, brother, day, night, home, door, be, do go, have, come, ask, sit, stand can, hear, keep, make, see, send put, eat, work, long, good big, small, high, right, most numerals and pronouns.

Considering that the subject-matter of the text under analysis is university education it is but natural that there is a great number of words of Greek origin as Greek and Latin contributed largely to scientific and learned vocabulary. Among them are names of sciences: Psychology, Economics, words connected with education: student, Senate, professor, school, college, semester, Dean, university, president etc. Some of these words are partially assimilated like Psychology, School in which digraphs ps and ch are not characteristic of native English words. Among Latin borrowings are administration, spectacles, lucrative, picture, interest, necessary, admit, conclusion, primarily, radiator, desk, ceremony, table, most of which are completely assimilated. The early Latin borrowings cup and wall can hardly be distinguished from native words. Words of French origin are also found in the text as the largest influx of words of all foreign languages was from French beginning from the 11^th century, with the famous Battle of Hastings in 1066 and later through the Renaissance Period. Among them are office, suit, courage, honour, number, point, power, button, desk, pay, advice, allow, continue, face, hour, labour, condition, which are completely assimilated. The words honour, hour, cafe are partially assimilated as they are not fully adapted to the English norms of pronunciation. It can also be noted that the word Wigwam (the name of a cafe) is a borrowing from American Indians which is not assimilated lexically. There is also a word of Celtic origin (of the original inhabitants of the British Isles) – career, which has acquired international currency.

II. Word-formation.

It is common knowledge that the highly productive ways of word formation in English are word-derivation, comprising affixation and conversion, and word-composition.

In terms or word-formation analysis words created by affixation have only one primary stem and one derivational affix, e.g. vaguely, sagged sleeper, quickly, ceremoniously, dully, financial, advices, failing (grades), primarily, encourage, automatically, impossible, impartial, impersonal, attention, honourable, withdrawal, conditional, colours, filing (cabinet), opportunity, unfold doggedly, ponderous, steamy, imbed, filthy, courteous, droning (voice), preying (eyes), assiduously, apparently, deliberately, unscrew, enrolment and many others. These are words formed by adding derivational affixes to stems.

On the morphemic level every word formed by means of affixation has only one root-morpheme, which is its semantic centre and one or more derivational affixes, thus vague-ly, advis-er, fail-ing, en-courage, honour-able, withdraw-al, pander-ous consist of two morphemes: one root-morpheme and a prefix or suffix. It should be noted that as a general rule, prefixes modify the lexical meaning of the root-morpheme without changing the part of speech of the derivative as in personal-impersonal, partial-impartial, possible-impossible, to fold -to unfold, to bed-to imbed, to screw-to unscrew. The prefixal derivative is the same part of speech as the unprefixed word, but the lexical meaning is modified.

In a suffixal derivative the suffix does not only modify the lexical meaning, but the word is usually transferred to another part of speech, e.g. honour-honourable adj, advise v. - adviser n., dull adj.- dully adv., sleep v. - sleeper n. Though there are cases of the so-called convertive prefixes as well (those capable of converting the word into another part of speech) as in courage n. to encourage v., roll n. to to enroll v.

Analyzing the above given derivatives special mention should be made of the so-called lexicalized grammatical suffixes which is a peculiar feature of some suffixes of Modem English. Thus it is obvious that in such words as colours, advices, honours, the suffix of plurality -s (-es) changes entirely the meaning of the words: знамена, повідомлення, відзнака. This type of word-formation is termed lexicalization of grammatical forms.

There are also numerous cases of conversion in the text under analysis which consists in transferring a word into another part of speech without any formal changes like to sleep v.- sleep n, to pay v. - pay n., to work v.- work n., straight adj.- straight adv., to record v.- record n., cock n.- to cock v. the most typical cases of conversion are the formation of deverbal nouns, and denominal verbs.

The words formed by the process of word-composition are of two type: compounds proper formed by joining two stems available in the language like first-rate, all-night, self-supporting, Quarterback, frosted-glass, afternoon and derivational compounds.

The IC analysis reveals that derivational compounds consist of two IC-s only one of which is a stem of notional words, the other being a derivational affix, e.g. red-veined, hard-lipped, good -humoured. That is the pattern they are built on is (A+N) + ed, where the suffix - ed - is referred to the whole compound stern (red vein), (hard lip), (good humour), and not only to the stem vein or lip, or humour. The meaning of the whole pattern thus is "having (or with) hard lips", "'having red veins", "having good-humour''. It should also be noted that the second segment of the derivational compounds: veined - lipped - humoured does not exist in Modem English as an independent adjective. Other examples are taxpayers, amber-coloured, white-enameled. So, the two processes are involved in the formation of these words: composition (a compound stem is formed) and derivation (a suffix is added to the whole compound stern), hence the name - derivational compound. Among less productive ways of word-formation found in the text are cases of lexical shortening FC (professor); G.M.C.A. -graphical shortening; hissing, giggles, slosh, splash - sound imitation.