- •1. Introduction. Es and their influence on a ability to live of the people
- •2. Classification and the notions of extreme situations and catastrophes.
- •1. Natural disasters:
- •3. The tasks and organization of a state service of medicine of catastrophes.
- •4. Basic features of a service mc in es.
- •5. Basic divisions of a service of mc.
- •Lecture №2
- •1. General principles of medical evacuation of the population in extreme situations.
- •2. Kinds and volume of medical aid.
- •3. The first aid.
- •The volume of the first medical aid:
- •4. Premedical aid.
- •5. The first doctor’s aid.
- •6. Qualified and specialized medical aid.
- •7. Medical sorting.
- •1. Introduction Characteristic of the main injury factors in catastrophes.
- •2. Characteristic of the amount and structure of population losses in catastrophes.
- •3. Medico-tactical characteristic of natural disasters.
- •1. Flood
- •2. Hurricanes and storms.
- •3. Earthquakes.
- •4. Snow avalanches, snow drifts and icings.
- •5. Lightning
- •6. Fires
- •Medico-tactical characteristic of transport catastrophes.
- •1. Aviation accidents.
- •2. Road - transport accidents.
- •3. Accidents on river and sea transport.
- •4. Railway accidents.
- •Medico-tactical characteristics of accidents.
- •Introduction.
- •Introduction.
- •Medico-tactical characteristic of accidents on chemically - dangerous enterprises.
- •The principal measures and means of protection from hata.
- •Medico-tactical characteristic of failures on radiation dangerous objects.
- •Protective measures of the staff and population.
- •Lecture №6
- •Extreme situations and disaster area
- •Medical help to children in catastrophes.
- •The plan of lecture
- •1. Behavior of the people in es and disaster area.
- •Organization of the psychiatric help at the stages of medical evacuation.
- •2. Peculiarities of organization of the medical help to children.
4. Railway accidents.
The railways accidents may occur as a result of:
а) Infringements of railway services technical operation requirements of, infringement of rules of safety at transportation of cargoes (explosive, inflammable, toxic substances etc.);
b) the action of external factors - in zones of nature disasters, technological accidents at the enterprises of a gas and petroleum industry, explosions, fires etc.;
c) the wrong actions (inactivity) of locomotive brigades and personnel of stations on duty;
d) the collision with obstacles (cars, people, animals).
The special danger is represented by emergencies at transportation of RS and HATA. Such failures can result in a dangerous irradiation of the people and radioactive pollution of an environment, and at an output of HATA on external environment - in sharp poisonings of the passengers and chemical pollution of air, ground and objects of a travelling facilities. Difficult conditions may develop as a result of failures within the limits of railway station. As a rule, the buildings with high density of the population are situated closely to railway junctions. The plenty of cars with various cargoes is usually concentrated on rather small territory of station. Here can be significant groups of people - in trains, on platforms, in a building of station etc. This creates for them a threat during the explosions, pollution of air by HATA, RS and other aggressive chemicals.
By the sight of rolling-stock the accident can arise:
With passenger trains;
With cargo trains;
Simultaneously with both trains;
At collision of a train with the car, carriages with people, separate people and animals.
During the arisen failure, except for collisions, the trains may come from the rails, the occurrence of a fire and explosion is possible. Depending on number of injured (on a degree of medical consequences) the five categories of transport accidents are distinguished:
Up to 5 men.
From 5 up to 15 men.
From 15 up to 30 men.
From 30 up to 50 men.
More than 50 men.
Outside of area of railway station the kinds of accidents essentially do not differ from mentioned above. At the same time, tactics and terms of saving works, including UMA for an injured, can considerably change, more often - by the part of increase of time prior to the beginning works and their duration. The experience of liquidation of accident from explosion of a gas pipeline in Bashkiria (1989) testifies it, when in 80 km from Ufa 2 passenger trains simultaneously have burned down. At a movement on counter directions they have become subject to volumetric explosion of a gas cloud, filling low woody site of district, where passed a gas pipeline and railway.
Kinds of affection of the people at railway accidents are: mechanical traumas, thermal burns, sharp poisonings and chemical burns, radiating affects, combined and complex affects.
The structure of affects is difficult for predicting in connection with significant variability of accidents. At the same time, as the experience of liquidation of railway accidents shows, it is possible to consider with large probability the degree of severity of injured, that lightly injured will make 35-40 %, persons with affects of an average and heavy degree - 25-20 %, heaviest degree - 20 %, and in a terminal condition - 20%. Let's notice, that the number of injured at wreck of a train or transport failure changes in a significant range.
The railway accidents frequently occur at the night, sometimes in difficult regions for accessing, at spans, far from the settlements. The liquidation of consequences of such accidents is mainly determined by the operative information of a dispatching service about the accident, and also the high degree of readiness of mobile UMA formations and evacuation vehicles for injured to work on a place of accident.
The organization of UMA for an injured at railway accidents essentially does not differ from those at air accidents and RTA. At the same time, at large accidents, especially far from the settlements, it is necessary: with the maximal degree of reliability to find out the sizes of accident and its exact coordinates to inform closely located medical establishments and divisions of sanitary aircraft, immediately to direct to area of accident UMA teams and operative medical teams, which on a place of incident will organize work of medical brigades and evacuation of injured to field and stationary medical establishments. Before arrival of an operative medical team the management of work of UMA brigades on a place of failure is assigned to the doctor of the first arrived brigade. As well as at other accidents, on a place of railway accident there are places of gathering of injured, where their medical sorting, registration, rendering of UMA and evacuation to medical establishments is made. The most preferable means of evacuation are aircrafts, first of all helicopters. At receipt of injured in hospital the UMA task and treatment of victims are solved by the plan of work of this medical establishment in extreme situations.
Lecture №5