- •Lecture 6 topic: word combinations
- •5.1.Syntax as part of grammar: the range problems to study, its main notions, historical review of syntax theory development.
- •5.1.1. The Syntax as part of grammar: the definition, the main approaches to defining the subject of its study.
- •5.1.2 . The problem of defining the main notions of syntax
- •5.1.3. Syntax and its interactions with other linguistic and non-linguistic disciplines.
- •Historical review of syntax theory development. (Appendix1)
- •5.2.Word-combination as the minimal unit of syntax theory: the definition, its main characteristics, the main criteria for classifying.
- •Some points to clarify:
- •5.3.The main approaches to classifying the word-combinations on their structure. The existing structural classifications.
- •5.4.The main principals for semantical classifying. The existing semantical oppositions of word-combinations.
5.3.The main approaches to classifying the word-combinations on their structure. The existing structural classifications.
There are two approaches to the classifying the word-combinations according to the structure:
proposed by Blumfield in his book “Language” (1933).
taken by Russian linguists
According to the first approach the word-combinations will get the next structural divisions
andocentrical(str) – exocentirical.
related on subordination (poor John) predicative (John ran)
related on coordination (John and Mary) prepositional (besides John)
According to the second classification the word-combinations will get more complicated but more detailed as well classification
NUCLEAR |
NUCLEAR FREE |
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Contextually independent (He laughed; ladies and gentlemen) |
Contexually dependent (wise old [man]) |
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According the position of the dependant towards the nucleus |
According to their morphological structure : |
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Regressive |
progressive |
nucleus centered |
belonging to one grammatical class (similar to their morphological structure) |
belonging to different morphological classes (diversed to their morphological structure) |
belonging to one grammatical class (similar to their morphological structure) |
belonging to different morphological classes (diversed to their morphological structure) |
New faces Letter box Very quickly |
To see faces To write letters
|
A folded sheet of paper |
Red and green; Man, woman and children |
He laughed |
Wise old (man) |
These important (decisions) |
5.4.The main principals for semantical classifying. The existing semantical oppositions of word-combinations.
THE PRINCIPAL OF |
OPPOSITION |
DESCRIPTION
|
Co1. 1. Connotativeness |
connotative word-combinations vs non-connotative word-combinations. |
expressive-emotional-evaluative connotations. neutral, they fulfil the function of message. 1)they were of the same kind, he and she, a sort of diabolic free-masonry subsisted between them 2) He speaks English fluently |
2. reproducibility |
clicheed word-combinations vs
non-clicheed word-combinations or usual vs occasional word-combinations. |
Frequently used word-combinations
Used in the separate context for some stylistic purpose
1)My favourite book was written by the famous writer.
2) Nurse placed her in my lap, a squiggling bundle of life
|
3. idiomaticity |
idiomatic phraseological units, vs
neutral word-combinations |
Idiomatic expressions possess the idiomatic globality of nomination, their meaning cannot be deduced from the meanings of the component words.
reproducible word-combinations are usually stylistically neutral.
1)good student, long speech, pretty girl;
2) once in a blue moon, to call a spade a spade, to pull sb's leg; |
4. conceptual determination. |
typical word-combinations vs
isolated word-combinations |
corresponding to the context of extralinguistic reality
made for some special reason, usually they are artificial.
1) Together they had seen a forlorn man's figure in a melancholy overcoat.
2) black overcoat, long overcoat |
Soc sociolinguistic determination |
sociolinguistically determined and
sociolinguistically undetermined word-combinations. |
the word-combinations appeared in some historical period |