III. Translate the following text paying attention to the translation of compound nouns and gerunds.

One of the technologies that could improve security but raises serious privacy concern is iris scanning. Iris scanning for positive identification was introduced in October 2001 on a voluntary basis for frequent flyers at Schiphol airport in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, and is now being extended on a mandatory basis to key airport and airline employees.

As identifying element the human iris ‑ the colored protein of the eye ‑ has several advantages. It is an integral part of the body so it is not amenable to easy modification. Also, unlike fingerprints, it can be imaged at a distance. Iris patterns are unique to individuals ‑ even identical twins don’t have identical patterns, nor does a person’s right eye match the left eye. The patterns are stable throughout life and only change in a highly predictable manner as the pupil opens and closes in reaction to light.

The algorithm used in iris identification was developed in1980 by University of Cambridge computer scientist John Daugman and was first implemented in 1989. Since then Daugman and his colleagues have made substantial improvements to the technique as more computer processing power became available.

The core of the system uses a mathematical technique called wavelet analysis to translate an image of the iris into a 512-byte pattern. The initial commercial trial applications of iris scanning were as a substitute for passwords to identify customers at bank teller machines. However, they were unsuccessful as the banks found the new technology too expensive.

After the September 11 attacks emphasis has shifted to security applications, beginning with projects at Schiphol and London Heathrow airports. In the voluntary program at Schiphol, called the Loyalty Program, citizens of European Union countries may apply for a pass that allows them to avoid both customs and immigration checks. Instead, travellers are cleared through the checks by looking into a machine that matches their iris pattern against a database of Loyalty Program members. The program also brings perks like free parking, but costs $90 and requires the applicant to submit to a background check as well as to the iris scan.

Mandatory iris scanning raises privacy concerns among civil rights experts because it might be a step toward a universal identity card based on iris scanning. Such biometric-based identity cards are a matter of debate in several countries because perfect identity equates to perfect control.