I. Find English equivalents for the following Russian words and word-combinations:

●одежда●окружающая среда●сдержанность/скромность ● социальный смысл/значение● носить ● осадки●насекомые●риск ●оружие ●опасность●повреждать● изобретательность ● скафандр●-модные аксессуары● разрабатывать/изобретать ● защитаная одежда ● грим/косметика● бижутерия●-отражать религиозную принадлежность● -вредные химические вещества●

II.Find synonyms in column b and match them to the words in column a.

A	B
to consider	danger
to constitute	to gaurd
garment	ornament
humans	people
to contribute	to assist
to decorate	result
to protect	make up
hazard	dress
effect	think over

III. Find antonyms to the following words. Consult the dictionary if necessary.

●to take off ● safety ● to hurt ● to exclude ● mind

IV. Study the following group of words having the same root. Pay attention to word -formation. Make up sentences.

1. environ – environment – environmental

2. protect – protection – protective – protector – protectorship

3. invent – invention – inventive – -inventor – inventory

4. constitute-constitution-constitutional-constitutive-constitutor

5. consider – considerate – considerably – considerartion

6. contribute – contributable – contributive – contributively – contributiveness

IV. Match the words with their definitions.

ornamentation	something used to add beauty, to adorn or decorate
equipment	covering for the body
umbrella	being humble about one’s merits and ablities,not showing conceit or boastfulness
modesty	frame covered with silk, cotton or other material.It gives protection against the rain.
clothing	supply and propvision with what is necessary for an undertaking or for a special purpose
environment	a set or number of things to be worn together
protect	surrounding objects, conditions and influences
suit	keep safe, guard, defend

Speaking

Discuss the following.

1. What are clothes? What are they used for? What do they show?

2. Are there any extraodinary types of clothes? Could you define their functions?

3. How do people decorate their bodies? What items of decoration do you know? Do you wear a lot of accessories? Which ones are your favourite?

4. How do you see the future of clothes?

B. Lead-in

• What do you know about the history of clothing?

• When and where did the first clothes appear? How did they look like?

• "Clothes make the man", has its origin in a general recognition of the powerful influence of the habiliments(одеяние, облачение) in their reaction upon the wearer. (S. Leacock, ‘Literary Lapses’, ‘A New Pathology’). Give examples.

Reading

I. Scan the text to find answers to the following questions.

• Where did archeologists discover the first sewing needles?

• What were the first clothes made of?

• What are the national garments consisting of simple piece of textile?

Origin and History of Clothing

According to archaeologists and anthropologists, the earliest clothing probably consisted of fur, leather, leaves or grass, draped, wrapped or tied about the body for protection from the elements. Knowledge of such clothing remains inferential, since clothing materials deteriorate quickly compared to stone, bone, shell and metal artifacts. Archeologists have identified very early sewing needles of bone and ivory from about 30,000 BC, found near Kostenki, then the Soviet Union, in 1988.

Ralf Kittler, Manfred Kayser and Mark Stoneking, anthropologists at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, have conducted a genetic analysis of human body lice (вошь) that indicates that they originated about 107,000 years ago. Since most humans have very sparse body hair, body lice require clothing to survive, so this suggests a surprisingly recent date for the invention of clothing. Its invention may have coincided with the spread of modern Homo sapiens from the warm climate of Africa, thought to have begun between 50,000 and 100,000 years ago. However, a second group of researchers used similar genetic methods to estimate that body lice originated about 540,000 years ago . For now, the date of the origin of clothing remains unresolved.

Some human cultures, such as the various peoples of the Arctic Circle, until recently made their clothing entirely of furs and skins, cutting clothing to fit and decorating lavishly.Other cultures have supplemented or replaced leather and skins with cloth: woven, knitted, or twined from various animal and vegetable fibres.

Although modern consumers take clothing for granted, making the fabrics that go into clothing is not easy. One sign of this is that the textile industry was the first to be mechanized during the Industrial Revolution; before the invention of the powered loom, textile production was a tedious and labor-intensive process. Therefore, methods were developed for making most efficient use of textiles.One approach simply involves draping the cloth. Many peoples wore, and still wear, garments consisting of rectangles of cloth wrapped to fit – for example, the dhoti for men and the saree for women in the Indian subcontinent, the Scottish kilt or the Javanese sarong.

A Neanderthal clothed in fur

A Rave style, 2007

The clothes may simply be tied up, as is the case of the first two garments; or pins or belts hold the garments in place, as in the case of the latter two. The precious cloth remains uncut, and people of various sizes or the same person at different sizes can wear the garment.

Another approach involves cutting and sewing the cloth, but using every bit of the cloth rectangle in constructing the clothing. The tailor may cut triangular pieces from one corner of the cloth, and then add them elsewhere as gussets. Traditional European patterns for men's shirts and women's chemises take this approach.

Modern European fashion treats cloth much more prodigally, typically cutting in such a way as to leave various odd-shaped cloth remnants. Industrial sewing operations sell these as waste; home sewers may turn them into quilts.

In the thousands of years that humans have spent constructing clothing, they have created an astonishing array of styles, many of which we can reconstruct from surviving garments, photos, paintings, mosaics, etc., as well as from written descriptions. Costume history serves as a source of inspiration to current fashion designers, as well as a topic of professional interest to costumers constructing for plays, films, television, and historical reenactment.