1. Answer the following questions. Give extensive answers.

1. What do two or more individuals in a group interact to?

2. Why is group performance merely the summation of each member's individual contribution?

3. What is a pseudo team?

4. What differentiates a team from a group?

5. What do members of successful teams put a tremendous amount of time and effort into?

6. What is a vision?

7. Why do the best teams tend to be small?

8. What three types of skills does a team require to perform effectively?

9. What is accountability at the individual and group level?

2. Determine which of the following statements are true and which are false. Then put t or f in the blanks. Rewrite false statements to make them true.

1. __ Groups and teams are the same thing.

2. __ If a group is plagued by factors such as poor communication, antagonistic conflicts, and avoidance of responsibilities, the product of these problems produces negative synergy.

3. __The primary force that moves a work group toward being a real, high-performing team is its emphasis on planning.

4. __ If the natural working unit is larger and you want a team effort, break the group into subteams.

5. __Specific goals facilitate clear communication and help teams maintain their focus on getting results.

6. __Successful teams have members who feel responsible for their individual contributions

Assignments__________

1. Say what you have learned about:

1. groups; 2. teams; 3. pseudoteam; 4. three types of skills required to perform effectively; 5. members of successful teams.

2. Make a plan of the text in the form of questions.

3. Retell the text.

Vocabulary______________________

Below is a list of terms that you could find in the text. Use this as a working list and add other terms that you figured out in the unit.

1. to plague - мешать

2. synergy - успешные совместные усилия; совместная деятельность

3. committed - преданный, приверженный чему-л.

4. output - отдача

5. emphasis - акцент

6. amount - величина, количество

7. vision - образ, представление

8. measurable - умеренный, воздержанный

9. to facilitate - содействовать; способствовать;

10. workload - объем работы

11. to resolve - решать голосованием, выносить резолюцию

12. to loaf - зря терять время

13. to reaffirm - вновь подтверждать

Overcoming the obstacles to effective teams5

A number of obstacles can stand in the way of creating effective teams. Fortunately, many effective techniques can be used to overcome those obstacles. The following criti­cal obstacles can prevent teams from becoming high performers.

A weak sense of direction: Teams perform poorly when members are not sure of their purpose, goals, and approach. Add weak leadership and you have the recipe for failure. Nothing will undermine enthusiasm for the team concept as quickly as the frustration of being an involuntary member of a team that has no focus.

Infighting: Effective teams are not necessarily composed of people who all like each other; however, members must respect each other and be willing to put aside petty differences in order to facilitate goal achievement.

Shirking of responsibilities: A team is in trouble if members exhibit lack of commitment to the team, maneuver to have others do part of their job, or blame colleagues or management for personal or team failures.

Lack of trust: When there is trust, team members believe in the integrity, character, and ability of one another. When trust is lacking, members are unable to depend on each other. Teams that lack trust tend to be short lived.

Lack of external support: Teams exist within the larger organization. They rely on that larger organization for a variety of resources —money, people, and equipment —and if those resources aren't there, it's difficult for teams to reach their potential.

A number of things can be done to overcome obstacles and help teams reach their full potential.

Create clear goals: In effective teams, members are committed to the team's goals, know what they are expected to accomplish, and understand how they will work together to achieve these goals.

Encourage teams to go for small wins: The building of real teams takes time. Team members have to learn to think and work as a team. Team members should begin by trying to hit singles. This can be facilitated by identifying and setting attainable goals. The eventual goal of cutting overall costs by 30 percent, for instance, can be dissected into 5 or 10 smaller and more easily attainable goals. As the smaller goals are attained, the team's success is reinforced. Cohesiveness is increased and morale improves. Confidence builds. Success breeds success, but it's a lot easier for young teams to reach their goals if they start with small wins.

Build mutual trust: Keep team members informed by explaining upper-management decisions and policies and by providing accurate feedback. Create a climate of openness in which employees are free to discuss problems without fear of retaliation. Be candid about your own problems and limitations. Make sure you're available and approachable when others need support. Be respectful and listen to team members' ideas. Develop a reputation for being fair, objective, and impartial in your treatment of team members.

Appraise group and individual performances: Team members should all share in the glory when their team succeeds, and they should share in the blame when it fails. Therefore, a large measure of each member's performance appraisal should be based on the team's overall performance. However, members need to know that they can't ride on the backs of others. Therefore, each member's individual contribution also should be identified and made a part of his or her overall performance appraisal.

Provide the necessary external support: Managers are the link between the teams and upper management. It's their responsibility to make sure that teams have the necessary organizational resources to accomplish their goals. They should be prepared to make the case to key decision makers in the organization for tools, equipment, training, personnel, physical space, or other resources that the teams require.

Offer team-building training: Teams, especially in their early stages of formation, will need training to build their skills. Typically, training should address problem-solving, communication, negotiation, conflict-resolution, and group-processing skills. If you can't personally provide this kind of skills training for your team members, look to specialists in your organization who can or secure the funds to bring in outside facilitators who specialize in this kind of training.

Change the team's membership: When teams get bogged down in their own inertia or internal fighting, allow them to rotate members. To manage this change, consider how certain personalities will mesh and re-form teams in ways that will better complement skills. If lack of leadership is the problem, use your familiarity with the people involved to create teams in which it is highly likely that a leader will emerge.

Comprehension