4. Attributive clauses / гНдрядш означальш речения
In English attributive clauses are joined to the principal clause with the help of the following connective words: relative pronouns who, which, that, relative adverbs when, where, why or they can be joined without conjunctions at all.
In the Ukrainian language the attributive clause is typically connected with the principal clause with the help of the connective words який, чий, хто, що, котрий in different forms. More rarely they are joined with the help of the connective words де, куди, зв1дки, коли, як. Sometimes attributive clauses are connected with the help of the conjunctions як, тби, наче, неначе, мое, немое, and others.
In both languages attributive clauses are not homogeneous in their grammatical nature and are subdivided into two distinct groups -restrictive/limiting (обмежувальш) and descriptive (orracoBi).
Restrictive attributive clauses are tightly connected with a certain word of the main clause performing the function of its attribute. Moreover, the idea expressed by the main clause does not finish on its boundary with the subordinate clause; when the subordinate sentence is removed the meaning of the principal clause becomes blurred, unclear. Compare:
There was a small stone at that corner of the room which was the nearest to the master's desk (Ch. Dickens).
У тому кутку тмнати, що буе найближче до столу ечителя, буе невеликий камтъ.
Descriptive attributive clauses also belong to one member of the main clause but are not connected with it so tightly. Such subordinate clauses can be easily omitted without distorting the content of the main clause. Compare:
The manager of our office, who is a highly educated man, speaks several foreign languages.
Менеджер uauioi установи, який е високоосе'теним, розмовляе кыъкома тоземними мовами.
The connective word in sentences of such a type can be easily replaced by the coordinating conjunction (сурядний сполучник) and the pronoun, e.g.:
In the street I met some children, who (= and they) showed me the way to the station.
На вулщг я зустр1в dimeu, якг (= i вони) показали мет дорогу на станщю.
In English restrictive attributive clauses are more tightly connected with the main clause than in Ukrainian. In terms of punctuation it is revealed in the way that English restrictive attributive clauses are not separated by comas whereas in Ukrainian all attributive clauses are separated by comas [5; 144-145].
5. Adverbial clauses / Пвдрядш обставинш речения
Such clauses are of various types in both languages.
5.1. Adverbial clauses of place / шдрядш речения мкщя.
In both languages the sentences of such a type characterize the action of the main or principal clause, pointing towards its place or direction.
English sentences are joined to the main clause with the help of the connective words where, wherever, whence.
Ukrainian adverbial clauses of place are connected with the principal clause with the help of the connective words де, куди, зв1дки (розм. eidKuib, зе1дкшь). Unlike English in the Ukrainian main clauses there can be observed the use of the so-called demonstrative words - adverbs, having spatial meaning, - там, туди, 3eidmu (розм. 3eidmtib, eidmu), for example:
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Звюти,
зв1дки на темному фот неба все частное
спалахувала блискавка, загуркотгв
гргм.
In the English main clauses demonstrative words of such и meaning are not used in similar cases, and the main function of llu-expression of relations of place and direction is rendered with the help of the connective word and the context. Compare:
/ shall go where my brother lives. Я no'idy туди, де живе .uiii брат [5; 147-148].
5.2. Adverbial clauses of time / пщрядш речения часу.
The adverbial clauses of time are joined in English to the mall one with the help of the conjunctions when, while, as, after, he for,; till, until, since, as long as, etc. In Ukrainian the adverbial clauses о l time are joined with the help of the following connective words and conjunctions, коли, eidKonu, поки (розм. покть), аж поки, доки (розм. докть), аж доки, як теля того як, в juipy того «л. ттьки, як ттьки, ттьки що, щойно, ледее, скоро and others
In English the function of conjunctions of adverbial clauses <<l time can be fulfilled also by some adverbs, for example, directly, immediately:
/ recognized the place directly 1 saw it. - Я тзнав це мгеце, Hh ттьки його побачив.
Immediately he received the telegram, he started for Kyiv. Як ттьки (ледве, щойно) вт одержав телеграму, вгн вигхав '»<» Киева.
The connective function with the meaning of time is performed in modern English also by some nouns or word-combinations: tlu< moment {в ту митъ як), the day {в той день коли), the evening 11 той венгр коли), the next time (наступного разу), at the time (< той час як), by the time (до того часу коли), etc.:
The moment I saw him I understood everything. - У my uimn. як я його побачив, я все зрозумгв.
The peculiarity of Ukrainian adverbial clauses of time an- Hi. composite conjunctions of the type теля того як, eidmodi як, « той час як, eidmodi як, з того часу як, в той час як etc. The firsl pan »| such a conjunction can be placed in the main clause, whereas the so< onil part як (коли) - is in the subordinate clause and is separated from thl first one by the intonation pause, and by coma in writing, e.g.:
Зробимо це теля того, як yci матергали будутъ nepeeipeni [5; 147-149].
5.3. Adverbial clauses of manner (attending circumstances) / шдрядш речения способу дн (супровщних обставин)
Adverbial classes of manner are joined in English with the help of the conjunctions as, the way, as if, as though. They point out in what way the action of the main clause takes place. Rather often such a sentence bears in its meaning some sort of с omparison, connected with the shade of suggestion, e.g.: You speak so as if you did not know me.- Bu говорите так, шби ей мене нет знаете.
In Ukrainian such subordinate sentences are joined with the help of the connective word як and the conjunctions: як, шби, мое, пемов, наче, неначе, нЬк (розм. атж), що a-nd others. All of them (except нЬк, чим) have a correlative word так in the main clause, which is concretized by the subordinate sentence: Вгн шов так, наче добре знав дорогу.
Among the adverbial clauses of manner there are differentiated in both languages the three subtypes:
Adverbial clauses of manner proper ^власне способу mi), joined in English with the help of the conjunctions: as, as ... as and others; in Ukrainian - як, що, щоб, e.g.: Your ought to write as he does. Буде так, якхотта ти (В. Сосюра).
Adverbial clauses of comparison (гяор1вняльш) with the conjunctions: in English as if, as though; in Ukrainian як, шби, мое, пемов, наче, неначе, e.g. I remember this sto-ry as if (as though) I had just read it. А вт, мое шчого не чу в, ide co6i долг (Л. Малишко).
The peculiarity of English adverbial clanises of comparison is that their predicate is used in the form of conditional mood: He spoke as if (as though) he knew this question very weJl.
In Ukrainian the adverbial clauses of comparison are also widely used in conditional mood, where almost all conjunctions can be joined with the particle би/б. По mpaei плшли xewii, начебто це буе не луг, аргчка.
c) Adverbial clauses of result (наслщков!) with the conjunctions: in English so ... that; in Ukzrainian що, аж, for
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example: He played so that we admired him. Вода б'етъся в берещ аж осока шумить (Леся Украшка) [5; 149-150].
5.4. Adverbial clauses of measure or degree / шдрндш речения >при або ступеня. These adverbial clauses are very close in their meaning to adverbial clauses of manner. While the kiliei usually explain the verb-predicate of the main clause, adverbial clauses of measure or degree refer to some adjective or adverb in su( h a sentence.
In English such sentences are connected with the main clauil with the help of the conjunctions as...as, so...as, as, as if, as though, not so...as and others, e.g.: He played so well that everybody admired him. - Bin грае так гарно, що eci ним захопгшися.
In Ukrainian the adverbial clauses of measure or degree also include clauses joined with help of double conjunctions чим...тпм. ЩО...ШО, чим...то and others, for example: Чим вище дерево пш м глибше йде кортня. Що долг ми заглиблювалися в л1с, пш темнше ставало навкруги [5; 150-151].
5.5. Adverbial clauses of purpose / шдрядш речения мсти English adverbial clauses of purpose are joined with the help ul
the conjunctions that, in order that, so that, lest, for fear (that). These clauses are marked in the way that their predicate has a special iikkI.iI expression. Very often it is used in the analytical form of conditional mood: / speak slowly so that you may understand me. Я говорю повтъно, щоб ей мене зрозумши.
In Ukrainian such clauses are joined most often by I he conjunctions щоб and для того щоб, less often by - абн, flM example: Bin nide туди, щоб почути все самому [5; 151].