- •Contents
- •In English and Ukrainian languages 79
- •Fundamentals
- •1. Basic units of language and speech
- •2. Word as a basic language unit. The structure of words
- •3. The classification of words
- •4. The combinability of words
- •6. Part of speech as one of the main grammatical notions
- •7. Contrastive studies of languages
- •8. Contrastive linguistics as a science and an academic
- •9. Contrastive grammar as a part of contrastive
- •10. Methods of research, used in contrastive studies
- •12. Parts of speech classification in English and Ukrainian languages
- •Chapter 1 Noun as a part of speech in English and Ukrainian languages
- •1. Noun as a part of speech: general characteristics
- •3. The category of case
- •4. The category of gender
- •5. The category of the names of living beings and lifeless objects
- •IV. Define the type of declension (I, II, III or IV) and the gender of the given Ukrainian nouns. Think up at least five sentences, using some of these nouns, and render these sentences
- •Into English. Do the case and gender characteristics coincide in both languages?
- •V. A) Define to which semantic group of Singularia Tantum nouns belong the following English and Ukrainian nouns:
- •Languages
- •1. Adjective as a part of speech: general characteristics. Grammatical categories of adjective
- •2. Degrees of comparison of adjectives
- •II. Find all the adjectives in the following piece of writing. Classify these adjectives being either qualitative or relative (if possible other type); comment on their grammatical characteristics.
- •III. Identify whether adjectives used in each sentence are in the positive, comparative or superlative form. Define whether each form is synthetic or analytical.
- •Languages
- •1. Numeral as a part of speech: general characteristics
- •2. Grammatical categories of numeral
- •II. Find all the numerals in the following piece of writing. Classify these numerals being either cardinal or ordinal (is pos sible other type); comment on their grammatical characteristics.
- •III. Classify the given numerals being either cardinal or ordinal (if possible other type).
- •IV. Comment on the grammatical characteristics of Ukrainian numerals, using the text given below. Stress on the isomorphic and allomorphic features of English and Ukrainian numerals.
- •Languages
- •1. Pronoun as a part of speech: general characteristics. Grammatical categories of pronoun
- •2. Personal and possessive pronouns
- •3. Reflexive and strengthening pronouns
- •4. Demonstrative pronouns
- •6. Indefinite and negative pronouns
- •7. Allomorphic classes of pronouns in English and
- •II. Underline the pronoun in the following pieces of text, conversation. Identify the type of each pronoun; comment on their grammatical characteristics.
- •1. Verb as a part of speech: general characteristics
- •2. The category of person
- •4. The category of aspect
- •4. The category of aspect
- •5. The category of tense
- •5.1. The Present Tense
- •5.2. The Past Tense
- •5.3. The Future Tense. The tense form "Future-in-the-past" and sequence of tenses of the English language.
- •6. The category of voice
- •7. The category of mood
- •7.1. The Indicative and Imperative moods
- •7.2. The Conditional mood
- •VI. Underline all the verbs in the following pieces of text. Analyze them according to the grammatical meaning they express (tense, aspect, voice, person, number, mood).
- •VI. Underline all the verbs in the following pieces of text. Analyze them according to the grammatical meaning they express (tense, aspect, voice, person, number, mood).
- •Languages
- •2. Infinitive in English and Ukrainian languages
- •4. The English gerund
- •Languages
- •1. Adverb as a part of speech: general characteristics
- •2. Degrees of comparison of adverbs
- •3. Words of the category of state (statives or adlinks)
- •VI. Underline each adverb in the text below and identify its semantic category (qualitative, quantitative, circumstantial, or some other type).
- •VIII. Form adverbs from the following word combination. Think of their English equivalents.
- •Languages
- •1. Preposition as a part of speech in English and Ukrainian languages
- •3. Particle as a part of speech in English and Ukrainian languages
- •4. Modal words as a part of speech in English and Ukrainian languages
- •5. Interjection as a part of speech in English and Ukrainian languages
- •6. The English article
- •II. Underline prepositions in the sentences/passages below. Comment upon the types of found prepositions.
- •III. Underline conjunctions in the sentences/passages below. Comment upon the types of found conjunctions.
- •V. Underline parenthetic words and word-combinations in the sentences below. Analyze them according to the modal meaning they express in the sentence.
- •1. Sentence as the basic unit of syntax
- •2. The expression of syntactic relations
- •3. The classification of sentences as to their structure
- •1. The subject
- •2. The predicate
- •2.1. The simple predicate
- •3. The object
- •4. The attribute
- •5. The adverbial modifier
- •6. Complex parts of the sentence
- •1. The composite sentence
- •2. The compound sentence with conjunctions
- •2.1. The copulative compound sentence.
- •2.2. The disjunctive compound sentence.
- •2.5. Compound sentences with the meaning of suddenness (складносурядне речения i3 значениям раптовостГ)
- •3. Compound sentences with asyndetically joined clauses (складносурядш речения без сполучникав)
- •1. The subject clause / Шдметове шдрядне речения
- •2. The predicative clause / Присудкове пвдрядне
- •3. The object/objective clause / Шдрядне додаткове
- •4. Attributive clauses / гНдрядш означальш речения
- •5. Adverbial clauses / Пвдрядш обставинш речения
- •5.1. Adverbial clauses of place / шдрядш речения мкщя.
- •5.6. Adverbial clauses of cause / шдрядш реченЩ причини.
- •5.7. Adverbial clauses of condition / пщрядш речения умови.
- •5.9. Adverbial clauses of result / шдрядш речении наелвдку.
- •II. Identify complex sentences in the passages below. Dwell upon the types of clauses in these sentences; describe the means of connection of subordinate clauses to the matrix clause.
- •References
II. Find all the numerals in the following piece of writing. Classify these numerals being either cardinal or ordinal (is pos sible other type); comment on their grammatical characteristics.
Four people were arrested (newspaper text).
Four of the ten traders have pleaded guilty (newspaper text).
Cops in twos and threes huddle and smile at me with benevolence (fiction text).
Damage is estimated at hundreds of millions of pounds (newspaper text).
5.1 was doing my third week as a young crime reporter and had just about finished my second nd last story of the day when the phone rang (fiction text).
Three men will appear before Belfast magistrates today on charges of intimidation. A fourth will be charged with having information likely to be of use to terrorists. The fifth, a woman, was remanded on the same charge yesterday (newspaper text).
Probably two thirds of the people who live here now are not natives (conversation transcript).
The pupil can identify the place value of a column or a digit for values of tenths, hundredths and thousandths (academic text).
*The material is taken from "Longman Student Grammar of Spoken and Written English" by Susan Conrad, Douglas Biber, Geoffrey Leech, Pearson Education Limited, 2003. - P.34-35.
III. Classify the given numerals being either cardinal or ordinal (if possible other type).
П'ятий, BiciM, дванадцятий, четвертий, дев'ять, двютк чотири, двадцять перший, третш, ciM, одна четверта, тридцятеро, обидва, п'ять шостих, дванадцять, сто, двое, обое, нуль щлих i п'ять десятих, десятеро, один.
100
101
IV. Comment on the grammatical characteristics of Ukrainian numerals, using the text given below. Stress on the isomorphic and allomorphic features of English and Ukrainian numerals.
Якось тато-чиат'вник запитав у cbo'i'x синочив-чисулвниив П'ятдесят i П'ятсот, чи робили вони ранкову зарядку.
А як? Як и робити? Тато й каже:
А ви розшшть м'язи, провщм1няйтесь за вщм1нками. Першим почав вщмшюватися чишивник П'ятдесят - лгтери
аж миготять.
Н. п 'ятдесят
Р. п 'ятдесяти
Д. п 'ятдесяти
3. п 'ятдесят, п 'ятдесятьох
О. п 'ятдесятьма
М. на п 'ятдесяти
Ну, як у мене виходить?
Добре, синку, добре.
А числ1вник П'ятсот каже:
- Та ти слабак! Хто ж так вщмшюеться! От дивись, як треба! Я пров1дмшяю обидв1 часгини!
Н. п 'ятсот
Р. п 'ятисот
Д. п 'ятистам
3. п 'ятсот, п 'ятисот
О. п 'ятьмастами
М. на п 'ятистах
Прикро стало числ!Вников1 П'ятдесят, аж сльози на owi навернулися, але Тато-числ1вник його заспокош:
- Ти ж молодший, означаеш десятки, менше число, то To6i щлком досить в1дм1нювати одну частину. А вш старший, бшьше число означае - сотш, то й вщм1нюе обидв1 частини.
*The material is taken from the article: "Плохотнюк Галина. 4apiBHa карусель (лшгвктичш казки на уроках мови) // Урок Укращсько!'. - № 5-6, 2006.-Р. 43.
CHAPTER 4 Pronoun as a part of speech in English and Ukrainian