УДК 811.111 = 161.2*362 (075.8)

К211 ББК [81.2-2 Англ + 81.2-2 Укр] я 73

Рекомендувала Науково-методична рада

Нацгонального утверситету "Львгвська полтехтка"

як навчальний поабник для студентгв базового напряму "Фтолог1я"

фахового спрямування "Прикладна лшгвктика"

(протокол № 6 eid 23.06.2008р.)

Рецензенти:

Андрейчук Н.1., кандидат фиюлопчних наук, доцент, Нацюнальний ушверситет "Льв1вська псштехнка"

Бик I.C., кандидат фшолопчних наук, доцент, Львшський нацюнальний ушверситет iiweHi Гвана Франка

Карамишева 1.Д.

К 211 Контрастивна граматика англшсько'1 та укра'шськоУ мов:

Навч. пос1бник. - JlbBie: Видавництво Нацюнального утверси­тету "Льв1вська полггехнка", 2008. - 300 с.

ISBN 978-966-553-734-2

Поабник за змютом вщповщае вимогам програми з дисциплши "Контрастивна граматика англшсько!' та укртнсько!' мов". Мютить тлумачення основних теоретичних понять контрастивно1 лшгв1стики загалом i контрастивно!' граматики зокрема. Описана методика контрастивних дослщжень та висвгглен! найважлив1ци стлып й вщмшш риси морфолопчного та синтаксичного piBHie англШсько'1 та украгасько'1 мов. Кожен розд1л посЮника зак1нчуеться контрольними питаниями для визначення р1вня засвоення опрацьованого теоретичного Marepiany. Низка вправ забезпечуе можлив1сть удосконалити Ha6yri теоретичн! знания на практичних заняттях та самостийно.

Призначений для студен™ базового напряму "Фшологк" фахового спрямування "Прикладна лшгв1стика", а також може защкавити викладач1в англ!йсько'1 мови вищих i спец1альних середшх навчальних заклад1в, acnipaHTie, студент1в та перекладач1в.

ББК [81.2-2 Англ + 81.2-2 Укр] я 73

© Карамишева 1.Д., 2008 © Нацюнальний ун1верситет ISBN 978-966-553-734-2 "Льв1вська полгтехтка", 2008

Contents

Передмова Ю

Fundamentals 13

1. Basic units of language and speech 13

2. Word as a basic language unit.

The structure of words 16

3. The classification of words 20

4. The combinability of words 21

5. The notions of grammatical opposition

and grammatical category 23

6. Part of speech as one of the main

grammatical notions 27

7. Contrastive studies of languages 30

8. Contrastive linguistics as a science and an academic discipline: its subject matter and tasks 34

9. Contrastive grammar as a part of contrastive

linguistics: its tasks 38

10. Methods of research, used in contrastive studies 41

11. The problem of the language-etalon

for comparison (tertium comparationis) 46

12. Parts of speech classification in English

and Ukrainian languages 48

Discussion questions and exercise tasks 52

Morphology Chapter 1. Noun as a part of speech in English and Ukrainian languages 54

1. Noun as a part of speech: general characteristics 54

2. The category of number 59

3. The category of case 64

4. The category of gender 71

5. The category of the names of living beings

and lifeless objects 73

Discussion questions and exercise tasks 75

Chapter 2. Adjective as a part of speech

In English and Ukrainian languages 79

5

1. Adjective as a part of speech: general

characteristics. Grammatical categories of adjective 79

2. Degrees of comparison of adjectives 84

Discussion questions and exercise tasks 89

Chapter 3. Numeral as a part of speech

in English and Ukrainian languages 94

1. Numeral as a part of speech: general characteristics 94

2. Grammatical categories of numeral 97

Discussion questions and exercise tasks 100

Chapter 4. Pronoun as a part of speech

in English and Ukrainian languages 103

1. Pronoun as a part of speech: general characteristics. Grammatical categories of pronoun 103

1. Personal and possessive pronouns 107

2. Reflexive and strengthening pronouns 113

3. Demonstrative pronouns 115

4. Interrogative and relative pronouns 116

5. Indefinite and negative pronouns 118

6. Allomorphic classes of pronouns

in English and Ukrainian languages 120

Discussion questions and exercise tasks 123

Chapter 5. Verb as a part of speech

in English and Ukrainian languages 125

1. Verb as apart of speech: general characteristics 125

2. The category of person 132

3. The category of number and the category of gender 136

4. The category of aspect 138

5. The category of tense 143

1. The Present Tense 147

2. The Past Tense 149

3. The Future Tense. The tense form "Future-in-the-past" and sequence of tenses of the English language 150

6. The category of voice 153

1. The passive voice 157

2. The reflexive voice 159

7. The category of mood 161

1. The Indicative and Imperative moods 162

2. The Conditional mood 164

Discussion questions and exercise tasks 167

Chapter 6. Non-finite forms of the verb in English

and Ukrainian languages 175

1. Non-finite forms of the verb: general characteristics 175

2. Infinitive in English and Ukrainian languages 177

3. The English participle versus Ukrainian д1шрикметник andдieпpиcлiвник 182

4. The English gerund 190

Discussion questions and exercise tasks 193

Chapter 7. Adverb as a part of speech

in English and Ukrainian languages 197

1. Adverb as a part of speech: general characteristics 197

2. Degrees of comparison of adverbs 201

3. Words of the category of state (statives or adlinks) 202

Discussion questions and exercise tasks 205

Chapter 8. Functional parts of speech

in English and Ukrainian languages 210

1. Preposition as a part of speech

in English and Ukrainian languages 210

2. Conjunction as a part of speech in English

and Ukrainian languages 214

3. Particle as a part of speech in English

and Ukrainian languages 216

4. Modal words as a part of speech in English

and Ukrainian languages 217

5. Interjection as a part of speech in English

and Ukrainian languages 218

6. The English article 220

Discussion questions and exercise tasks 224

Syntax Chapter 9. Syntax: introduction into basic notions 232

1. Sentence as the basic unit of syntax 232

2. The expression of syntactic relations 235

5

7

3. The classification of sentences as to their structure 236

4. One-member sentences 237

Discussion questions and exercise tasks 238

Chapter 10. The simple sentence.

Parts of the sentence 241

1. The subject 241

2. The predicate 244

1. The simple predicate 244

2. The compound nominal predicate 245

3. The compound verbal predicate 246

3. The object 247

1. The direct object 247

2. The indirect object 249

4. The attribute 250

5. The adverbial modifier 251

6. Complex parts of the sentence 253

Discussion questions and exercise tasks 260

Chapter 11. The composite sentence. The compound

sentence 266

1. The composite sentence 266

2. The compound sentence with conjunctions 267

1. The copulative compound sentence 267

2. The disjunctive compound sentence 270

3. The adversative compound sentence 270

4. The causative-consecutive compound sentences .... 272

5. Compound sentences with the meaning

of suddenness 273

3. Compound sentences with asyndetically

joined clauses 273

Discussion questions and exercise tasks 274

Chapter 12. The composite sentence.

The complex sentence 277

1. The subject clause 278

2. The predicative clause 279

3. The objective clause 279

4. Attributive clauses 280

5. Adverbial clauses 281

1. Adverbial clauses of place 281

2. Adverbial clauses of time 282

3. Adverbial clauses of manner

(attending circumstances) ^^OJ

4. Adverbial clauses of measure or degree 284

5. Adverbial clauses of purpose 284

6. Adverbial clauses of cause 284

7. Adverbial clauses of condition 285

8. Adverbial clauses of concession 286

9. Adverbial clauses of result 286

Discussion questions and exercise tasks 287

991 Conclusion ^^x

993 References ^^yj

Further suggested readings 295

Зютавне вивчення обох мов сприяе 'гхньому взаемному засвоенню. Осюльки тд час вивчення шоземнсм мови з'являеться MaTepian для порйзняння, то багато явищ рщно\' мови усвщомлю-ються краше i засвоюються глибше. 3i свого боку, й рщна мова чинить вплив на засвоення шоземно'1, адже у вивченш чужо! мови використовуеться той досвщ, якого студента набули, оволод!ва-ючи певними мовними вмшнями i навичками рщно*1 мови. Отож, безперечно, усшшне вивчення шоземшм мови майбутшми професюналами у галуз1 перекладу та комп'ютерного опрацю-вання MOBHo'i шформацй" неможливе без порЬзняння i"i з рщною мовою, без виявлення под1бностей та вщмшностей у способах вираження думки цими двома мовами.

Завгдувачка кафедри прикладное лтгвютики,

канд. фглол. наук, доцент H.L Андрейчук