Контрольная работа 1. Вариант 7.

Задание 1. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

Markets and Prices.

Perhaps the most basic feature of the market economy is the use of the price mechanism for allocating resources to various uses. The price system is an elaborate system of communications in which innumerable free choices are aggregated and balanced against each other. The decisions of producers determine the supply of a commodi­ty; the decisions of buyers determine the price. Changes in demand and supply cause changes in market prices and it is these movements in market prices which bring about the changes in the ways in which society uses its economic resources. Command Economies

Another method of solving the economic problems is also one which has a long history. This is the method of eco­nomic command where the solutions to the economic prob­lems are worked out by some all-powerful authority which imposes its solutions on the population.

It is more usual to refer to the present-day command economies as planned economies although, strictly speaking, leaving the economy to run itself (i.e. laissez-faire) may be described as a kind of economic 'plan'. Nevertheless, in line with general usage, we shall use the term 'planned economy' to refer to an economy which is subject to a high degree of direct centralized control.

It is important to note that no modern economy is with­out some elements of command. In all developed and most underdeveloped countries, even those described as capital­ist, there is a large measure of government control. In the UK, for example, the government is the biggest business in the country.

Ownership and Control of Economic Resources

Although economic planning may be employed in soci­eties where property is privately owned, it seems realistic to assume that a fully planned economy means one in which all the important means of production are publicly owned. In socialist societies all land, housing, factories, power stations, transport systems and so on are usually owned by the state.

The logic of public ownership in these societies is based upon the desire for a more equitable distribution of income and wealth. Private ownership of property leads to great inequalities of wealth, and this, in turn means that the wealth­ier groups are able to exercise great economic power. Such a situation implies great inequalities of opportunity. The better-off members of society are able to use their greater wealth to obtain superior education, better health services, more effec­tive training, and better business opportunities.

Задание 2. Составьте 15 вопросов по тексту, применяя все виды вопросов.

Задание 3. Переведите на английский язык следующие слова и словосочетания.

Предложение, обмен валюты, трата, выпуск акций, разрабатывать план, законное платежное средство, акция, платежное поручение, утечка, завышать цену, спрос, давать в долг, рынок сбыта, вносить деньги, доставлять скидка, вкладывать капитал, финансовое положение, распределять, нарушение, выполнить.

Задание 4. Переведите следующие предложения и словосочетания на английский язык, обращая внимание на притяжательный падеж.

1. Факторы производства. 2. Качество урожая. 3. Теории потребительского спроса. 4. Единица товара. 5. Гибкость спроса. 6. Понятия предельных издержек. 7. Цель макроэкономики. 8. Улучшение технологий. 9. Период повышения активности. 10. Количество информации.

Здание 5. Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык. Обратите внимание на употребление оборотов there is/there are.

1. Деньги лежали в кошелке. 2. Там вносилось несколько удобрений. 3. Существуют потребители с различными нуждами и желаниями. 4. В этом супермаркете будет распродажа. 5. в нашем обществе наблюдается понижение производительности труда. 6. В нашей стране много банков и их филиалов. 7. Существует небольшая разница между ценами производителя и реализатора. 8. В Норвегии хорошо развита легкая промышленность. 9. В чемодане лежали деньги. 10. Большой рост населения наблюдается в Японии.

Задание 6. Раскройте следующий грамматический вопрос: «местоимения. Неопределенные местоимения. Местоимения some, any, no и их производные».

Задание 7. Составьте рассказ (не менее 10 предложений) на тему: «Семья и общество».