Question card № 24

1. The Kazakh Zhuzes: the origin, territory, tribal structure.

Zhuz - the traditional division of the Kazakh people, consisting of three zhuzov.

Occurrence. Ch Valikhanov believed that when a State Golden Horde beginning to fragment, then in order to retain the territory of their nomadic, Kazakhs have created such large unions. According to NA Aristova, association zhuzy occurred during raids dzhungar. VV Bartold zhuzov connects the emergence of geographical factors. The favorable natural and geographical position has allowed Kazakhs in remote regions to preserve the cultural and economic characteristics. Some believe that education zhuzov linked to natural climatic conditions in Kazakhstan and the lifestyle of its people - nomadizmom. A Kazakh zhuzov had the following characteristics: 1) domestic regional unity, 2) ethnic unity, 3) cultural and economic commonalities, 4) commonality of political leadership. In peacetime, the majority of internal problems, addressed relationships within zhuzov. Between birth and tribes involved in nomadic herding, established a close economic relationship, start a commercial relations, marriages. Total Ethnic culture, language, domestic and economic unity of the role played by the strong link. If the common homeland of the employment market, rose on its protection, all Kazakh zhuzy combined into one powerful force. All major issues of domestic and foreign policy are addressed Kurultay. Senior zhuz occupied territory from the Syr Darya to Semirechje inclusive. It consisted of the uysuny, kangly, Dulat Alba, suany, srgeli, ysty, oshakgy, zhalairy. Average zhuz occupied parts of Central and I am d North-East of Kazakhstan. In its structure - kypchaki, argyny, Naiman, kongraty, kireity, Karluks and others. Junior zhuz occupied the lower reaches of the Syr Darya, береі as the Aral Sea, the northern part of the Caspian iizmsshyussh. It is composed of tribal association alshyn such tribes as aday, Alash, baybakty, zhappas, Berisha and others.

2. The December events of 1986 year: the historical assessment.

In March 1985, the General Secretary Gorbachev TSKKPSS elected. The course is to accelerate socio-economic development. Changes are declared only in words, in fact, the crisis deepened. The contradiction between the proclaimed rate in words and reality. It all started with the decision to withdraw from the AD corner, and replacing it in the ethnic Russian, G. Kolbina. The decision to lift the corner (25 years as) due to mistrust the leaders of the USSR to the leaders of the Central Asian republics. It violates the practice of posts in the party nomenclature Soviet republics on a par - a leader of the republic must be local, the other - Russian. 16 December 1986 in Alma-Ata was the Plenum of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan, which was removed from his post as first secretary of the Central Committee of DA Kuhn, and in its place put GV Kolbin working before the first secretary of the Ulyanovsk regional committee of the party. The morning of 17 December 1986 in Alma-Ata has started a demonstration of young people protesting the decision, lasted 2 days, which is entered in the history of Kazakhstan as the events of December 1986 in Alma-Ata. By noon on 17 December at the Square. L. Brezhnev demonstrators were about 5 thousand demonstration was suppressed by force, the application of engineering shovels, dogs, hoses (18 December). Rallies and protests were also held in Dzhezkazgane, Pavlodar, Karaganda, Taldykurgane, Arkalyk, Kokchetave, Chimkent and other cities. After 900 people expelled from their universities, sacked 319 of the participants of the events are excluded from the ranks of the CPSU - 52 of VLKSM-758. The total number of detainees stood at 8500 people, 99 people were sentenced to various prison terms. A - K. Ryskulbekov - for the murder of S. Savitskiy the death penalty, which later was replaced by 20 years' imprisonment. 19 December 1986 the newspaper published a brief report TASS on 18 December, with the first official assessment of what happened: «Yesterday evening and this afternoon in Alma-Ata group of young people, driven by nationalist elements, took to the streets, expressing disapproval of the decision the other day plenum the Central Committee of the Communist Party Kazakhstan. The situation has taken advantage of hooliganism and other anti-parasitic entities, allowing unlawful acts against the law, as well as arson uchiniv grocery store, private cars, offensive actions against the citizens of the city ... ». December 25, 1986 at a meeting of the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee, the event was rated as «evidence of nationalism», in July 1987 of the CPSU Central Committee passed a resolution «On the work of the Kazakh respublekanskoy partisan organization intenatsionalnomu and patriotic ovspitaniyu workers», in which the events of December were «manifestation of Kazakh nationalism». Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the republic in January 1990 established the Commission of the Supreme Soviet of Kazakh SSR determine the final assessment of the circumstances surrounding the event in Almaty on 17-18 December 1986. Along came the process of reviewing cases of convicts «Decembrists» -32 of them were released for lack of corpus delicti. In May 1990, the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee adopted a resolution in which it was prznano that contained in the decree of the CPSU Central Committee in 1987 «evaluation of mass violations of public order in the city of Alma-Ata in December 1986 as a manifestation of the Kazakh nationalism is wrong ...» The profound causes of discontent Youth has its roots in the low standard of living, social injustice and the costs of command-administrative system. The immediate cause of the protest of youth prenebrizhenie an honest opinion of the people and party of the masses from the center, sent a first secretary of the Central Committee of Kazakhstan on the stereotype Komunpartii adjustment to the times a little-known in the republic party worker, the underestimation of the increased awareness people. The December 1986 events are important, they have become a catalyst for the democratization of political life.