12) The Law of Contract (The types and structure of contracts).

A contract is simply an agreement which can be enforced through the courts.

The TYPES. A Simply C. may or may not be in writing and requires no seal. A Speciality is a c. in writing which does require a seal to the signatures. An Executed C. is completed; an Executory C. is one still to be executed or completed. An Express C. is a c. actually made between two or more parties, an Implied C., as the name suggests, is one in which some of the provisions or the entire agreement must be implied from previous agreements, from existing customs, or from the acts of the parties. Essentials of Valid Contract. An agreement will be enforced when the following essential elements exists : Offer and acceptance, Intention, Capacity of the parties, Consent, Consideration, Legality of object, Possibility of performance.

Contract Structure. In many written contracts the parties are referred to as ”party of the first part”, “party of the second part”, according to the order in which their names first appear. It does not matter which name is written first. A written contract begins with the statement of the consideration, followed by a full statement of all that the first party agrees to do, and all that the second party agrees to do. Next appears a statement of the penalties or forfeitures in case either party does not faithfully and fully perform his part of the agreement. The contract ends with the signatures of the parties and their seals and the signatures of witnesses. Competent lawyers should be employed in the drafting of a contract. Errors in grammar or spelling do not affect the legality of the agreement. When an agreement is written it must all be in writing. It cannot be partly written and partly oral.

13) International Law (The Concept of International Law. The Institutions of the European Community).

The Concept of International Law. The main concept of International Law is the regulation of relation between different states. IL attempts to establish a workable framework for intergovernmental relations as well as provide criteria and procedures for the resolution of disputes among states. IL tends to settle international disputes by treaties, agreements, conventions and negotiations which can be either bilateral or multilateral in nature. Treaty- a formal agreement between two or more states in reference to peace, alliance…Convention – an international agreement especially one dealing with a specific matter such as postal service. Agreement – a mutual arrangement or accord based on unanimity and tending to involve cultural exchange…

Negotiation – mutual discussion and arrangement of the terms of a transaction or agreement.

The Institutions of the European Community.The European commission. This institution was been defined in many ways-as the executive of the Community and as its driving force and initiator. Commission consists of 20 members. Although appointed by agreement of the government of the member states, the commissioners are under an obligation neither to seek nor take instructions from any government or from any other body. The duties of the Com. are numerous and varied. The European Parliament. The EP has no direct legislative power. Composition. Although a Member of the European P can be a member of a national P. he or she is not allowed to be a member of the government of a member state, The Commission? The Court of Justice, The Court of auditors, The economic and social committee, the consultative committee of the ECSC, or an active official or servant of any of the Community. Members are elected for 5 years and are subject to a number of privileges.

14)International Law (The Global problems of International crime)

The Global problems of International crime. 1) Money laundering aims at legalizing ill-gotten profits. A huge portion of this money is earned through bribery, corruption, black market activity, tax evasion, and drug trafficking. 2) Terrorism includes explosions and blowing up of planes. Government hoped to curb international terrorism through international negotiations and accords. 3) Theft of works and cultural objects. Such crimes pose a potential threat to the cultural heritage of all nations.4). Theft of intellectual property .The concept “Theft of intellectual property” includes violation of the rights of authors and performers, and unlawful use of copyright marks and trademarks. 5) Illicit arms trade. Armed conflicts in hot spots world-wide are fuelled by an international network of arms producers and suppliers.6) Hijacking of planet. 7)Piracy. P also occurs in South-East Asia and is believed to be controlled by organized crime, often associated with the armed forced.8)Hijacking on highways. 9)Fraud in insurance. With insurance now a global industry, swindle in one country. 10) Computer-related crime. As soon as government and commercial organizations started making intensive use of computers, the Mafia reached out for computer networks. 11) Ecological crime. The entire world population suffers from ecological crime, the perpetrators being mostly enterprises that act in collusion with environmental regulators. 12) Trade in humans has been gaining momentum and includes transporting illegal immigrants to their destinations, procuring women for prostitution, etc.13)Trade in human organs. Illegal transplants are highly lucrative; a great many of them are based in Third World countries. 14) Drug trafficking. 15) Sham bankruptcy. The globalization of trade has turned sham bankruptcies in one country into an international crime.16)Penetrating legal businesses. Drug cartels and other criminal organizations own a large number.17) Corruption and bribing public figures, arty leaders, and elected officials.