4. The structure of policing in England and Wales (What is the role of police in the world of crime?).

Structure. There are currently 43 police forces in England and Wales, although there is provision for the amalgimation of forces which could result in a smaller number in the future. Nearly all are accountable to a local police authority which usually consist of 17 members comprised of 3 local magistrates, 9 local councillors and 5 independent persons approved by the Home Secretary. The main exception to this rule is the Metropolian Police Force in London. At present this force is not accountable to a police authority as such, but comes under the direct control of the Home Secretary who is ultimately responsible to Parliament for all policing throughout England and Wales.

Each police force is headed by a Chief Constable.

The initial rank is Constable and after that comes Sergeant, Inspector, Chief Inspector, Superintendent, Assistant Chief Constable and Chief Constable.

Role.The most important powers of the police are as follows: to ensure an adequate safeguard for citizens; to combat rising crime; to battle rising crime; the power to stop, search and question citizens; the power of arrest; the power to enter and search private premises and to seize property discovered on those premises; the power to conduct personal searches; the power arising from detention at a police station, particulary in respect to interrogation and the making of confessions; the power to produce, at a trial, evidence which has been illegally or improperly obtanied. охрана VIP

5. Enforcing Law: Penal System ( What is the aim of penal measures?).

Punishment. The majority of people are still in favour of retribution as the most important objective of penal measures. For example, it is stated that some people advocate a return to the death penalty for homicide. Every now and again pressure groups seek the reintroduction of judicial whipping.

Deterrence. Punishment has always involved the idea of retribution, and it has also contained the notion that those who withness the just and swift punishment of the offender will thereby be dettered from offending in a similar manner. Deterrence has both individual and general implications. Most people would probably think that the punishment offender is not likely to commit the same offence again since he knows the penalty he will have to pay. And also there is the view that the likelihood of being punished will deter other offenders. It is, indeed, a police philosophy that certainty of arrest and punishment would greatly reduce the rates for most kinds of crime. But since there is always the hope of avoiding detection the preventive force of punishment is greatly diminished.

On the other had, too severe a penalty for smaller crimes can drive the desperate criminal into committing the more serious offences and so actually encourage law-breaking instead of preventing it.

So, while exemplary punishment and retribution remain widely acceptable penal principles, other ideas appear in response to humanitarian sensitivity and to the findings of criminological research. This has been particulary noticeable in regard to the treatment of children and younger offenders for whom sympathy has been growing during the present century.(The Children Act of 1908)