II. Match synonyms in columns a and b.

A. B.

To manage level complicated tie

link to run

stage to promote

to hamper go on

to enhance degradation

upheaval to prevent

aggravation to make if difficult

to harm to spoil

to suggest to begin

to trigger problem

concord to offer

to assess agreement

issue to estimate

to affect safety

security opposition

humanity to influence

confrontation field

to continue mankind

sphere shake

III. Think of the attributes which can be used with these nouns. Make up some sentences.

ex: sky – blue sky, clear sky, cloudless sky. The sky was cloudless.

Development, a plan, a link, situation, a problem, a change, reaction, a dialogue, world, a crisis, security.

Grammar Revision

I. Translate the following sentences into Russian, paying attention to the Present Perfect Tense.

1. The XXI-st century along with the third millennium has entered into its rights.

2. Unemployment has reached a new high this year.

3. Social stratification has grown immensely for the last year.

4. The number of poor people has increased in all countries without exclusion.

5. By political maneuvering the former colonial powers have managed to salvage earlier relations hips of economic dependence with their former colonies.

6. The developing countries have become a region of all-out poverty and economic instability.

7. Russia has always paid special attention to maintaining its traditionally good relations with neighboring countries.

8. Falling oil prices has led to an economic crisis in oil producing countries.

9. The foreign debt of the developing countries has grown twice.

10. A new thinking has been adopted in the world economic relations in order to settle global problems.

II. Open the brackets using verbs either in the Past Simple or Present Perfect Tense.

1. How many representatives from foreign firms you (to receive) this month? We (to receive) two representatives from a German firm last week.

2. Where are the materials for the talks? I think Mr. Petrov (to take) them. He (to come) to the office five minutes ago.

3. Last year oil prices (to fall) considerably, but this year they (to increase) up to the usual level.

4. The situation in the world economy (to remain) complicated for the decade.

5. In the late 1990-s enterprises and organizations (to get) direct access to the world market.

6. You ever (to do business) with Roberts and Co.? Yes, we (to sell) them ten boilers of a new model lately.

7. These goods (to be) in great demand lately.

8. They (not to buy) any goods from us since last year.

9. When Russia (to enter) a new stage of economic development?

10. A catastrophic economic crisis (to break out) in the USA in 1930-s.

III. Revision of Perfect Tenses. Translate the sentences into Russian; determine the tense and voice forms.

1. All multinational corporations have built very attractive stands at the exhibition.

2. The system of commercial banks had been created in Russia by 1998.

3. An exhibition has always been a place for introducing new products and new technology.

4. I had already drawn up the contract by Tuesday.

5. Our manager will have advised you before you leave.

6. After she had finished typing the letter she sent it by fax.

7. The schedule will have been received by 5o’ciock.

8. The package had been delivered by the courier before I came.

9. How many orders have you received this month?

Quick Reading

Try to understand and translate the text without using dictionary.

Comparing economic systems.

Comparing economic systems is difficult because they are organized differently; the goals and conditions under which they operate are different.

One yardstick for measuring the performance of an economy is its gross national product (GNP), the total market value of all goods and services that a country produces, in one year. Another measure developed by economists is to divide total GNP by the country’s population, which produces a figure called GNP per capita (literally, “per head”) or per person. (This figure is also known as the standard of living.) But these numbers also reveal that it is impossible to say that one economic system is superior to another. While the largely capitalist United States does better than the communist economies, it trails a socialist economy, Sweden. And although the Soviet Union did not perform as well as Sweden, it was very close in output to the United Kingdom.

Statistics do not tell the whole story of the economy. Because they have different objectives, another basis of comparison is to examine their areas of emphasis and their means of accomplishing these.

UNIT 2 Who Are the Owners?

Text1

Pre-reading task

a) Discuss the following questions before reading the text.

1. Nowadays there are a lot of people doing their business. Can we say that they are owners? Can there be several owners of a business? Are there businessmen in your family? What type of business do they run?

2. Give your opinion on what businesses can be private or state-owned. Explain why do you think so.

b) Key words: property, proprietorship, entrepreneurship, partnership, corporation, entrepreneur.

Look up the key words in the dictionary to find out the exact meaning. Write them out (this time you may need the transcription).