Word study

I. Give Russian equivalents for:

mental activity; human behaviour; throughout the life span; emotionally distressed; to provide a scientific basis; to be closely linked to; to be derived from; to conduct research; school setting; training devices.

2. Give English equivalents for:

научение; память; мышление; естественные науки; гуманитарные науки; р одной стороны; с другой сторо­ны; внимание; восприятие; определение; общение; ле­чить; оценивать; окружающая среда.

3. Translate and memorize the following words and their derivatives:

psychology — psychological — psychologist;

science — scientific — scientist;

relate — relation — relationship;

human - humanity — humanities - human beings;

perceive — perception — perceptual;

observe - observer - observation;

connect — connection — connected — closely connected.

4. Arrange the following in pairs of synonyms:

basic to connect

to investigate social intercourse

throughout to evaluate

to provide to increase

to link teenager

people main

communication during

to assess to give

setting to study

to enhance human beings

youngster environment v Arrange the following in pairs of antonyms:

birth joy

Oil the one hand to worsen

• 111 / •.'' • inside

bo separate death

i ary regress

lohievement to decrease

1111 M on the other hand

to enhance to unite

in improve final

V1. Complete the sentences:

i Psychologists study basic functions such as ... .

' Psychology occupies a strategic position between ..

i The word ^psychology* is derived from ... .

i Psychology dates back to ... .

(• Ancient thinkers were interested in ... .

| I ii l lie Middle Ages there appeared such theories as

\ l.uria is famous for ... .

Ilii Is famous throughout ... . 0 I In >ii Id like to specialize in ... .

Psychology. Unit II

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I. Read and translate the text: Why Do People Work?

A simple question which goes deeper than the obvious answer, «To earn enough is to live on». Psychologists have found that mental and physical activity - and work in particular - is a dominant human driving force. Some argue that it is the same set of motivators which led a primitive man to hunt and fight in a tribal setting.

Are some motives more basic than others? Many psychologists refer to the theory of Abraham Maslow, a humanistic psychologist, which suggests that motives are ordered. Maslow felt that human beings are born with five systems of needs which are arranged in the hierarchy.

People remain «wanting animals» all their lives. As one set of needs (motives) is taken care of, a new set replaces it. We work our way up through various systems in order. Maslow's theory begins with physiological needs, such as food, water, oxygen, sex, protection from temperature extremes, activity. These needs for survival are the strongest. They must be satisfied to some degree before other needs appear. If only one of them remains unsatisfied, it may dominate all the others.

Once human physiological needs are satisfied, the other needs arise. Adults want stable jobs, saving accounts, and insurance. Thus adequate pay and working conditions are of fundamental importance. When safety needs are achieved, people seek to love and be loved. The family is the most important unit where they receive support. In larger organization it is the team, the department, the company, the trade union or the profession which may satisfy the need.

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Once love needs are satisfied, needs to be esteemed by oneself and others dominate. People want to be valued in their communities, at work and at home. They want to respect themselves. Self-esteem is an important part of job satisfaction and is another step in the hierarchy. It means that the individual understands the contribution needed from him and is receiving recognition for making it. Words of congratulation and rewards are necessary things for self-esteem.

The final step is the release of potential. This may be a simple ambition to succeed or the desire to make a contribution to a body of knowledge. People struggle to realize their potentials and to fulfil their ideals. Maslow theorized that these needs predominate in healthy personalities. In his view, only 1 per cent of Americans achieve self-actualization. Why is it so rare? Most of us, Maslow believed, are blind to our true potentials. We conform to cultural stereotype rather than for personal needs. Concerns about safety make us fearful of risk taking and closed to new experiences.