20.Word-buiIding. Definition of a word-building pattern. Productive and

non-productive word-building patterns

By word building we understand process of producing new words from the recourses of this particular language.Word formation is the system of derivative types of words and the process of creating new words from the material available in the language after certain structural and semantic formulas and patterns. Word building provides for enlarging the voc of the language.If we look at the word of the structural point of view we can see that it consists of smaller parts which are called morpheme.There are all subdivided into two large groups: roots and affixes.

Affixes fall into prefixes which precede the root and suffixes which follow the root.Words which consist of a root and an affix are called derived words or derivatives.They are extremely numerous in the English language.but roots words are also wildly spread.They are represented by words belonging to the original English.If an affix is stripped off from a word what remains its stem.It can be bound or free.So the stamp is free if it stays alone without changing its meaning if not then it’s a bound form.EX heart-hearts In this paradigm the stem is «heart» is contained only a root so it is called a simple stem and a free stem. EX hearty – heartier – derived ,as it consists of a root and a morpheme but at the same time it’s free.Bound stems are characteristics of borrowing mainly. EX courage,ocean

After we take away the affixes the remaining elements do not coincide with any independing words.The major W.B patterns : affixation,composition,conversion,shortenings,blendings,back formation ,sound interchange,reduplication.

Productive Affixation is one of the most productive ways of word-building throughout the history of English, which consists in adding an affix to the stem of a definite part of speech and is divided into suffixation and prefixation. E. g., happy+ness=happiness, teach+er=teacher, care+full+ness=carefulness, etc. Composition is the way of word-building when a word is formed by joining two or more stems to form one word. E. g., blackbird, bedroom, music-lover, newcomer, freshman, etc. Conversion consists of making a new word from some existing word by changing the category of a part of speech, the morphemic shape of the original word remaining unchanged. E. g., a nurse – to nurse, love - to love, a face – to face, etc. Abbreviation of words consists in clipping a part of a word. As a result we get a new lexical unit where either the lexical meaning or the style is different form the full form of the word. In such cases as »fantasy» and «fancy», «fence» and «defence» we have different lexical meanings. In such cases as «laboratory» and «lab», we have different styles. Non-productive Sound interchange is the way of word-building when some sounds are changed to form a new word. E.g. bath - to bathe, life - to live, breath - to breathe etc. Stress interchange can be mostly met in verbs and nouns of Romanic origin : nouns have the stress on the first syllable and verbs on the last syllable, e.g. `accent - to ac`cent, dis`count - `discount, etc. Sound imitaion is the way of word-building when a word is formed by imitating different sounds. E. g. to moo, to bark, etc. Blends are words formed from a word-group or two synonyms. E. g., slanguange, to hustle, gasohol etc. Back formation is the way of word-building when a word is formed by dropping the final morpheme to form a new word. E. g., to accreditate (from accreditation), to bach (from bachelor), to collocate (from collocation), to enthuse (from enthusiasm), to compute (from computer), to emote (from emotion) to reminisce ( from reminiscence) , to televise (from television) etc.