Varieties of Appellate Review

There are three basic types of appellate review. The first consists of a retrial of the case, with the appellate court hearing the evidence for the second time making fresh findings of fact, and in general proceeding in much the same manner as the court that originally rendered the judgement under attack.

The second type of review is based in part on a «dossier», which is a record compiled in the court bellow of the evidence received and findings made there. The third type of review is based on a written record of proceedings in the court or courts below.

Courts in Federal System

Federal system is such a system in which each member subordinates its power to a central authority in common affairs. It reflects the fragmentation of governmental powers between the central authority and the local authority. At the top level is the Supreme Court.

- знайти в тексті інформацію про наступне:

1. What types of courts do you know?

2. What basic distinctions must be made between civil and criminal courts?

3. What is the difference between courts of general jurisdiction and those of limited jurisdiction?

4. What do criminal courts deal with?

5. What do civil courts deal with?

6. Who represents prosecution?

7. What are the most common sentences in civil courts?

8. What is federal system?

9. What court is at the top of the federal system?

10. What appellate reviews do you know?

11. What courts are the courts of the first instance?

- знайти в тексті англійською мовою наступні слова і словосполучення:

1) наслідки; 2) покійник; 3) підкорятися владі; 4) центральна влада; 5) розподіл влади; 6) загальні справи; 7) перегляд (справи); 8) головувати під час розгляду справи у суді; 9) повторне слухання справи; 10) покарання підзахисного; 11) виправлення підзахисного; 12) найпоширеніший.

- які слова визначаються як:

1. Those appointed to try cases, make investigations; a place where trials are held

2. A person guilty of a crime

3. Authority to hear and decide cases

4. The party who institutes and carries on criminal proceeding in court

5. A person who saw, or can give a firsthand account of something (one who testifies in court)

6. The determination by court of the punishment of a convicted person

procecution, witness, criminal, court, jurisdiction, sentence

5. Граматичний аспект заняття:

Вживання such та so

Порівняйте:

■ I didn't enjoy the book. The story was so stupid.

■ I didn't enjoy the book. It was such a stupid story.

а) SUCH вживається з прикметником з іменником (such a stupid story), SO вживається з прикметником (so stupid) без іменника, іноді з прислівником:

■ He's difficult to understand because he speaks so quickly.

b) SO and SUCH посилюють значення прикметника:

■ It's a lovely day, isn’t it? It’s so warm. (= really warm)

■ We enjoyed our holiday. We had such a good time. (= a really good time)

Порівняйте:

■ I like Tom and Ann. They are so nice.

■ I like Tom and Ann. They are such nice people. (not ‘so nice people’)

Ми часто вживаємо SO і SUCH разом з that (so... and such... that...):

■ I was so tired that I went to bed at seven o’clock.

■ She worked so hard that she she made herself sick.

■ It was such lovely weather that we spent the whole day in the park.

■ It was such a good book that I couldn't put it down.

■ The book was so good that I couldn’t put it down.

У деяких реченнях that може бути випущене:

■ I was so tired (that) I went to bed at 7 o’clock.

c) У поданих реченнях SO і SUCH вживаються з іншим значенням:

■ I expected the weather to be much cooler. I did't expect it to be so warm. (=as warm as it is)

■ I'm tired because I got up at 6 o'clock. I don't usually get up so early. (= as early as 6 o’clock)

■ Hurry up! Don't walk so slowly. (=as slowly as you are walking)

■ I was surprised when Jack told me the house was built 100 years ago.

I didn't realize it was so old.

I didn't realize it was such an old house (=as оld as it is)

d) SO і SUCH часто вживаються у висловах: so long but "such a long time"; so far but "such a long way"; so many, so much but "such a lot of":

■ I haven't seen him for so long that I've forgotten what he looks like. (or. . . for such a long time...)

■ I didn't know you lived so far from the city centre. (or …. such a long way from. ..)

■ Why did you buy so much food"? (or. . .such a lot of food?)

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