Vaccination

Vaccination is the process of administering weakened or dead pathogens to a healthy person or animal, with the intent of conferring immunity against a targeted form of a related disease agent. The term was coined by Edward Jenner and adapted by Louis Pasteur for his pioneering work in vaccination. Vaccination (Latin: vacca—cow) is so named because the first vaccine was derived from a virus affecting cows: the cowpox virus, a relatively benign virus that provides a degree of immunity to smallpox, a contagious and deadly disease. In common speech, 'vaccination' and 'immunization' generally have the same colloquial meaning. Vaccination efforts have been met with some resistance since its inception. Early success and compulsion brought widespread acceptance and mass vaccination campaigns were undertaken which have greatly reduced the incidence of many diseases in many areas. The eradication of smallpox, which was last seen in a natural case in 1977, is considered the most spectacular success of vaccination. Currently some people assert that childhood vaccination causes some autoimmune disease and autism. Scientific studies have not demonstrated a link; however, the assertion found space in a United States House of Representatives report in 2003 which included the suggestion that mercury derivatives in vaccines might have been a cause of autism.

Some modern vaccines are administered after the patient already has contracted a disease, as in the cases of experimental AIDS, cancer and Alzheimer's disease vaccines. Vaccination given after exposure to smallpox, within the first four days, is reported to attenuate the disease considerably, and vaccination within the first week is known to be beneficial to a degree. The first Rabies immunisation was given by Pasteur to a child bitten by a rabid dog, and then and subsequently post-exposure immunisation to Rabies has generally been followed by survival. The essential empiricism behind such immunizations is that the vaccine triggers an immune response more rapidly than the natural infection itself.

Most vaccines are given by hypodermic injection as they are not absorbed reliably through the gut. Live attenuated Polio, some Typhoid and Cholera Vaccines are given orally in order to produce immunity based in the bowel.

POT-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS:

Exercise 10. Answer the following questions:

What is vaccination?

Who coined this term?

Why is vaccination so named?

What two words have the same colloquial meaning?

What is considered the most spectacular success of vaccination?

When was the eradication of smallpox last seen in a natural case?

What may the childhood vaccination cause currently?

Have vaccination efforts been met with some resistance since its inception?

What derivatives might have been a cause of autism?

In what cases are some modern vaccines administered?

How are the most vaccines given by?

What vaccines are given orally in order to produce immunity based in the bowel?

Exercise11. Join the parts of the sentence in the column A with the correct ones in the column B using the text.

A B

1. Vaccination is the process of administering… 2. The term was coined by Edward Jenner and adapted by… 3. Vaccination (Latin: vacca—cow) is so named because the first vaccine … 4. Vaccination efforts have been met with some … 5. Stimulating immune response, via… 6. The first Rabies immunization was given by …

1. Pasteur to a child bitten by a rabid dog. 2. was derived from a virus affecting cows. 3. weakened or dead pathogens to a healthy person or animal. 4. Louis Pasteur for his pioneering work in vaccination. 5. resistance since its inception. 6. use of an infectious agent, is known as immunization.

Exercise 12. Read the sentences and say whether the following ones are true to the text:

Vaccination is the process of administering weakened or dead pathogens to a sick person or animal.

The term was coined by Louis Pasteur and adapted by Edward Jenner for his pioneering work in vaccination.

Vaccination (Latin: vacca—cow) is so named because the first vaccine was derived from a virus affecting pigs.

The eradication of smallpox, which was last seen in a natural case in 1877.

Currently some people assert that childhood vaccination does not cause some autoimmune disease and autism.

Mercury derivatives in vaccines may be a cause of autism.

Vaccination given after exposure to chicken pox, within the first four days.

Most vaccines are given by hypodermic injection as they are not absorbed reliably through the gullet.

Exercise 13. Arrange the following sentences in a correct order according to the text.

In the generic sense, the process of artificial induction of immunity, in an effort to protect against infectious disease, works by 'priming' the immune system with an 'immunogen'.

Most vaccines are given by hypodermic injection as they are not absorbed reliably through the gut.

Vaccination is the process of administering weakened or dead pathogens to a healthy person or animal.

The eradication of smallpox, which was last seen in a natural case in 1977, is considered the most spectacular success of vaccination.

The term was coined by Edward Jenner and adapted by Louis Pasteur for his pioneering work in vaccination.

Exercise 14. Put questions to the underlined membersor parts of sentences.

Vaccination is the process of administering weakened or dead pathogens to a healthy person or animal.

The term was coined by Edward Jenner and adapted by Louis Pasteur for his pioneering work in vaccination.

Vaccination (Latin: vacca—cow) is so named because the first vaccine was derived from a virus affecting cows.

In common speech, 'vaccination' and 'immunization' generally have the same colloquial meaning.

The eradication of smallpox was last seen in a natural case in 1977.

Some modern vaccines are administered after the patient already has contracted a disease, as in the cases of experimental AIDS, cancer and Alzheimer's disease vaccines.

Most vaccines are given by hypodermic injection as they are not absorbed reliably through the gut.

Live attenuated Polio, some Typhoid and Cholera Vaccines are given orally in order to produce immunity based in the bowel.

Exercise 15. Use the verbs in brackets in the appropriate forms. Translate them into Russian.

Vaccination is the process which (to administer) in weakened or dead pathogens to a healthy person or animal, with the intent of conferring immunity against a targeted form of a related disease agent.

Edward Jenner (to coin) the term and Louis Pasteur (to adapt) it for his pioneering work in vaccination.

It’s known that, in common speech, 'vaccination' and 'immunization' generally (to have) the same colloquial meaning.

Vaccination efforts (to meet) with some resistance since its inception.

The eradication of smallpox, which was last seen in a natural case in 1977, is considered (to be) the most spectacular success of vaccination.

Currently some people assert that in future childhood vaccination (to cause) some autoimmune disease and autism.

Scientific study (to not demonstrate) a link; however, the assertion found space in a United States House of Representatives report in 2003.

Some modern vaccines are administered after the patients already (to contract) a disease, as in the cases of experimental AIDS, cancer and Alzheimer's disease vaccines.

Vaccines are known (to give) orally in order to produce immunity based in the bowel.

One said, that the vaccines already (to trigger) an immune response more rapidly than the natural infection itself.

Exercise 16. Find in the text English equivalents for the following words and word combinations:

Ослабленный или мертвый болезнетворный микроорганизм или фактор; отличный от; с целью; происходить от; снижать частоту заболевания; искоренение заразных заболеваний; эффектный успех; научные исследования; производные ртути; искусственная индукция иммунитета; близкородственные разновидности; укушенный бешеной собакой; подкожная инъекция; в полной мере, сопротивление; всасываться в кровь; вакцинация.

Exercise 17. Give the definitions of the following terms according to the text in English:

Vaccination, cowpox virus, immunization, vaccine.

Exercise 18. Give the summary of the text “Vaccination”.

Exercise 19. Topic vocabulary.

Nouns	Verbs	Adjectives
Administering Pathogens with the intent of immunity agent term vaccine virus cows cowpox virus degree smallpox speech meaning resistance inception success compulsion acceptance effort vaccination campaigns eradication assertion suggestion mercury derivatives exposure to survival injection gut bowel	To administer To coin To adapt To derive To provide To undertake to reduce to consider to assert to cause to include to give to report to give to bite to follow to trigger	weakened dead healthy targeted related pioneering relative benign contagious common general same colloquial Earl widespread natural spectacular Scientific United modern experimental attenuate considerable beneficial subsequent essential natural

TEST.

1. … is the process of administering weakened or dead pathogens to a healthy person or animal, with the intent of conferring immunity against a targeted form of a related disease agent.

a. vaccination

b. inoculation

c. catheterization

d. immunization

e. ammonization

2. It succeeded and is distinct … inoculation.

a. out

b. through

c. from

d. in

e. above

3. The term was coined by Edward Jenner and adapted by … Pasteur for his pioneering work in vaccination.

a. Lewis Pasteur

b. Lionel Pasteur

c. Luke Pasteur

d. Louis Pasteur

e. Lambert Pasteur

4. Vaccination (Latin: vacca—cow) is so named because the first vaccine was derived from … affecting cows: the cowpox … , a relatively benign virus that provides a degree of immunity to smallpox, a contagious and deadly disease.

a. a vaccine

b. a bacillus

c. a coccus

d. a bacterium

e. a virus

5. In common speech, 'vaccination' and 'immunization' generally… the same colloquial meaning.

a. has

b. have

c. to have

d. had

e. had been

6. Vaccination efforts have been met with some resistance since … inception.

a. his

b. her

c. its

d. it’s

e. them

7. Early success and compulsion brought widespread acceptance and mass vaccination campaigns … which have greatly reduced the incidence of many diseases in many areas.

a. was undertaken

b. undertaken

c. undertook

d. to undertook

e. were undertaken

8. The eradication of smallpox, which was last seen in a natural case…, is considered the most spectacular success of vaccination.

a. in 1967

b. in 1977

c. in 1907

d. in 1877

e. in 1917

9. Currently some people assert that childhood vaccination causes some autoimmune disease and … .

a. autemesia

b. autism.

c. autarcesis

d. autophobia

e. autophony

10. Scientific studies have not demonstrated a link; however, the assertion found space in a United States House of Representatives report in 2003 which included the suggestion that mercury derivatives in vaccines …a cause of autism.

a. may have been

b. might have been

c. may be

d. may

e. might

11. In the generic sense, the process of artificial induction of immunity, in an effort to protect against ... disease, works by 'priming' the immune system with an 'immunogen'.

a. infectious

b. nervous

c. contagious

d. serious

e. dangerous

12. Stimulating immune response, … use of an infectious agent, is known as immunization.

a. from

b. vice verse

c. because

d. via

e. through

13. Vaccinations … the administration of one or more immunogens, in the form of live, but weakened (attenuated) infectious agents, which normally are either weaker, but closely-related species (as with smallpox and cowpox), or strains weakened by some process.

a. protect

b. prevent

c. involve

d. contain

e. include

14. In such cases, an immunogen is called a … .

a. vaccines

b. vaccine

c. cocci

d. bacteria

e. viruses

15. Some modern vaccines … after the patient already has contracted a disease, as in the cases of experimental AIDS, cancer and Alzheimer's disease vaccines.

a. to be administered

b. to administered

c. is administered

d. administered

e. are administered

16. Vaccination given after exposure to smallpox, within the first four days, is reported to attenuate the disease considerably, and vaccination within the first week … beneficial to a degree.

a. to know to be

b. is known to be

c. to be known

d. to have known

e. to have been known

17. The first Rabies immunization was given by … to a child bitten by a rabid dog, and then and subsequently post-exposure immunization to Rabies has generally been followed by survival.

a. Louise Pasteur

b. Edward Jenner

c. Joseph Lister

d. William Harvey

e. Amboise Pare

18. The essential empiricism behind such immunizations is that the vaccine triggers an immune response more …than the natural infection itself.

a. slowly

b. obviously

c. frequently

d. probably

e. rapidly

19. Most vaccines are given by hypodermic injection as they are not absorbed reliably … the gut.

a. from

b. out

c. in

d. through

e. across

20. Live attenuated Polio, some Typhoid and Cholera Vaccines are given orally in order … immunity based in the bowel.

a. to induce

b. to cause

c. to lead

d. to produce

e. to result in

2 1 . A L L E R G I E S

PRE-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS:

Exercise 1. Practise the pronunciation:

rhinitis [rai’naitis]

encounter [in’kauntə ]

frequent [‘frikwənt]

additive [‘æditiv]

environment [in’vaiәr(ә)nmәnt]

Exercise 2. Choose all of the answers that denote (indicate or directly signify) or which match the key Latin-Greek elements in the questions:

1. bio-, as in biology or microbiotic, means: (a) life (b) science (c) animal (d) two (e) living

2. pyro-, as in pyromania or pyrolatry, means:. (a) fire (b) destroy (c) flame (d) smother (e) break

3. post-, as in postscript or posterior, means: (a) against (b) after (c) write (d) behind (e) letter

4. mnem-, as in mnemonics or amnesia, means: (a) teach (b) memory (c) forget (d) illness (e) remember

5. sol-, as in solarium or parasol, means: (a) alone (b) sun (c) one (d) shade (e) helio

6. -cise or -cide, as in incision or excide, means: (a) cut (b) clean (c) death (d) slit (e) kill

7. port-, as in transport or export, means:. (a) to ship (b) to bare (c) to carry (d) to bear (e) to stand

Exercise 3. Topic vocabulary:

Pollen - пыльца;

Ragweed - амброзия полыннолистная;

Fall - осень (амер.);

Mite - клещ;

Weed - сорная трава, сорняк;

Mold - плесень; плесенный грибок;

Dander - перхоть;

Furry - пушистый, покрытый мехом (о животных);

Potent - сильнодействующий;

To counter - противостоять;

Exercise 4. Match the following English word combinations with the Russian ones.

1. increased sensitivity 1. отдышка

2. allergic reaction 2. дыхательный аппарат

3. a breathing apparatus 3. насморк

4. shortness of breath 4. повышенная чувствительность

5. runny nose 5. аллергическая реакция

Exercise 5. Translate the following words.

Abnormal, harmless, antibody, gastrointestinal, abdominal, carefully, outdoor,

environmental, cautious, causative, difficulty, shortness.

Exercise 6. Read and translate the text:

ALLERGIES.

An allergy is an abnormal reaction or increased sensitivity to certain substances or "allergens." The allergic individual produces symptoms when exposed to these substances which are harmless to non-allergic people. Numerous allergens may cause symptoms of allergic rhinitis: pollens are most common in the spring, grasses in the summer, and ragweed in the fall. Dust and household mites may produce year-round symptoms. Air pollution is also a factor.

When your immune system is exposed to allergens, it produces antibodies that attach themselves to certain cells in your body. These cells are found in your respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, in your skin, and also in your blood. As part of the allergic reaction, these cells release potent chemicals such as histamine. This produces many of the familiar allergic symptoms seen in hay fever.

Anaphylaxis is an acute allergic reaction which affects the whole body and requires immediate medical attention. Many people who are severely allergic to something may have this reaction. Symptoms include anxiety, itching of the skin, headache, nausea and vomiting, sneezing and coughing, abdominal cramps, hives and swelling of tissues such as lips and joints, diarrhea, shortness of breath and wheezing, low blood pressure, convulsions, and loss of consciousness. A quick, decisive epinephrine injection can be a life-saver in the case of exposure to an allergen that has previously caused an anaphylactic reaction.

The substances or environmental factors responsible for the allergy must be identified. These causative factors must be eliminated from the immediate environment, whenever possible. Irritation, inflammation, and congestion in the body must be reduced (i.e., with antihistamines, nasal sprays, decongestants, corticosteroids, and other medications). In some cases, the allergic individual may undergo "desensitization" or immunotherapy, a process whereby he or she is given injections of the allergen in increasing doses to acclimatize his or her body to the offending substance. This is usually done in cases where the allergen cannot be avoided.

If you notice tongue swelling, difficulty swallowing, difficulty speaking, or shortness of breath in yourself or others, this may be a severe allergic reaction requiring emergency care from a physician. Get help immediately.

Exercise 7. Answer the following questions:

What is an allergy?

What are common outdoor allergens?

What are common indoor allergens?

What is anaphylaxis?

Which symptoms of anaphylaxis do you know?

What can you do to prevent allergies?

What is "desensitization"?

Exercise 8. Convert the phrases below into reported speech:

1. He said to her, "I have a terrible headache."

2. "I saw María in the clinic yesterday," said  Carlos.

3. "We've lived here for three years," he said.

4. "I'll bring a vial," said the nurse.

5. "Mark's going to perform this operation," said Miranda.

6. "They found the corpse here," said the policeman.

7. "Jenny can't speak French," said Pierre.

8. "I first met my wife in Odessa," he told us.

9. "I want your homework handed in by tomorrow," he said.

10. "Our students made these mistakes," said the teacher.

11. "I'm feeling tired now," said David.

Exercise 9. Find English equivalents for the following words and word combinations in the text:

Определённые вещества, безвредный, домашние клещи, загрязнение воздуха, сенная лихорадка, острая аллергическая реакция, обморок, кожный зуд, тревожность, аллергик

Exercise 10. Explain the terms in English: allergy, anaphylaxis, desensitization

Exercise 11. Chose the best way to complete the sentences:

1. You should always _____ healthy food. eat  eaten  eating  shall eat  was eating  2. The manager _____ soon. will arrive  is arriving  has arrive  arrives  arrived  3. The bus _____ before I reached the bus-stop. will arrive  have arrive  had arrived  arrived  arrive  4. The baby _____ usually well behaved. were  shall  is  has  are  This exercise is brought to you by www.nonstopenglish.com 5. She _____ to London yesterday. will go  went  had went  gone  go  6. She _____ cooking food daily. has liked  is liking  like  likes  liking  7. She never _____ late to school. is coming  came  coming  comes  come  8. She caught them while they _____. were talking  was talked  talked  is talking  did talked  9. Scientists _____ a new planet. had just discover  has just discover  have just discover  have just discovered  will just discovered  10. Look! The boy _____ the hill. climbing  were climbed  was climbing  is climbing  climbs 

Exercise 12. Make up 4 different types of questions to the following sentences:

The substances or environmental factors responsible for the allergy must be identified.

These cells are found in your respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, in your skin, and also in your blood.

The allergic individual produces symptoms when exposed to these substances which are harmless to non-allergic people.

Exercise 13. Point out the suffixes or prefixes in the words and translate the words into Russian:

Unhappy, unknown, unexpected, enlarge, enrich, reconstruct, reread, retell, renovate, remove, usually, successfully, severely, abnormal, shortness, consciousness.

Exercise 15. Give the summary of the text.

TEST

1. An allergy is an abnormal reaction or increased sensitivity to ….

a) insect bites;

b) allergens;

c) flowers.

2. Numerous allergens may cause symptoms of allergic…

a) itching;

b) coughing;

c) rhinitis.

3. When your ….. system is exposed to allergens, it produces antibodies.

a) immune;

b) nervous;

c) cardio-vascular.

4. A quick, decisive epinephrine injection can be ….

a) a fatal one;

b) a life-saver;

c) unnecessary.

5. The substances responsible for the allergy must be ….

a) identified;

b) avoided;

c) produced.

6. …… is an acute allergic reaction.

a) itching of the skin;

b) tongue swelling;

c) anaphylaxis.

7. Immunotherapy is a process whereby a person is given

a) necessary medications;

b) injections of the allergen;

c) proper treatment for low blood pressure.

2 2 . H E A D A C H E

Exercise 1. Practice the pronunciation:

Migraine ['mi:grein], atherosclerosis [æθərəusliə'rəusis], crisis ['kraisis], yawning ['jɔ:niŋ], consciousness ['kɔn∫əsnis], myocardium [maiəu'ka:diəm], peculiarity [pikju:li'æriti], encounter [in'kauntə], psychiatric [saiki'ætrik], fatiguability [fəti:gə'biliti]

Exercise 2. Topic vocabulary:

To encounter – встречать(ся)

Value – значение

On the background – на фоне

Indisposition – нездоровье, легкое недомогание

Formidable yawning – сильное зевание

Fatiguability – утомляемость

In particular – в особенности, в частности

To arise – возникать

To omit – пропускать

Peculiarity – особенность

Appropriate - соответствующий

To be inclined to – быть склонным к

Exercise 3. Give Russian equivalents;

A great value, the so-called vascular variant, brain vessels, infectious inflammatory processes, sensation of weakness, throbbing pain, pressing pain, squeezing pain, appropriate treatment, increased fatiguability, moderate headache, internal organs, insufficiency of brain circulation, prolonged attack, cervical radiculitis.

Exercise 4. Translate the sentences paying attention to the Participles:

The blood coming from the lungs is rich in oxygen.

The accompanying symptoms of the flu are high temperature, muscular pains and vomiting.

The count made a week ago was normal.

Scarlet fever is characterized by rash covering the whole trunk.

The excised mass measured 2 cm in diameter.

The patient operated on yesterday complained of a severe headache.

Exercise 5. Read and translate the text:

HEADACHE

Headache is one of the most frequent symptoms encountered in medical practice.

The great value in development of a headache is given to the vascular factor. The so-called vascular variant of a headache is observed in many vascular, cardiovascular diseases and pathological conditions, including migraine, hypertonic disease, arterial hypotension, atherosclerosis of brain vessels, disturbed brain circulation, acute and chronic cardiac insufficiency.

Other kind of a headache develops in pathological processes, primarily affection of sensitive receptors and nerves. It may include headache observed in pathological processes in the brain (a tumour, abscesses, hematomas and so on), in infectious inflammatory processes of the brain matter and brain membranes (encephalitis, meningitis, arachnoiditis), in cervical radiculitis, diseases of the nose, ears, eyes.

The third kind of a headache is caused basically by damage of muscles of the skull. Character of a headache can be various. A throbbing or pressing headache localized in the area of the back of the head and accompanied by dizziness, tinnitis, nausea (sometimes vomiting), "flash spots " before eyes on the background of high arterial pressure (it is most often observed in hypertonic crisis) are signs of a headache of this etiology. In a low level of arterial pressure, the headache in most cases is moderate, the most expressed in the mornings. It is often accompanied by sensation of weakness, indisposition, formidable yawning. Such patients are inclined to faints, they often complain of palpitation and increased fatiguability.

Headache is a frequent symptom of some acute and chronic diseases of internal organs, in particular diseases of the heart.

Some patients complain of squeezing headaches, dizziness in prolonged attack of stenocardia, in acute myocardial infarction. In some cases the patients with acute myocardial infarction the headache is accompanied by losing of consciousness.

Complete medical, neurological and psychiatric examinations are sometimes necessary to get at the root of the trouble. The ophthalmoscopic examination must never be omitted when the symptom of headache is evaluated.

In conclusion it is necessary to emphasize that the headache is a symptom of many diseases and pathological conditions. The analysis of its peculiarities together with other signs makes it possible to make the correct diagnosis and to administer appropriate treatment.

POST-TEXT ASSIGNMENT

Exercise 6. Answer the questions:

In what diseases is the vascular factor observed?

When does other kind of a headache develop?

What is the 3^rd kind of a headache caused by?

what kind of a headache do patients complain of in stenocardia and acute myocardial infarction?

What examinations are necessary to understand the root of the trouble?

What must never be omitted when the symptom of a headache is evaluated?

Exercise 7. Agree or contradict the following statements:

The vascular factor of headache is observed in migraine, arterial hypertension and other diseases associated with damaged vessels.

There are no headaches in pathological processes in the brain.

The ophthalmoscopic examination should be excluded in evaluation of headache.

A complete history is essential in frequent headaches.

Headaches in myocardium infarction arise due to insufficiency of brain circulation.

In low arterial pressure the headache is the most expressed in the evening.

Exercise 8. Find English equivalents of the following word combinations:

Самый частый симптом, чувствительные рецепторы, продолжительный приступ, соответствующее лечение, оболочки мозга, воспалительный процесс, сердечно-сосудистые заболевания, шейный радикулит, пульсирующая головная боль, гипертонический криз, недостаточность мозгового кровообращения, умеренная головная боль, сжимающая головная боль.

Exercise 9. Define the parts of speech:

Pathological, vascular, basically, palpitation, dizziness, insufficiency, primarily, internal, frequent, condition, possible, suddenly, urgent, matter, receptor, inflammatory, arterial, often, sign

Exercise 10. Make up sentences to the underlined words:

Headache may be observed in pathological processes in the brain.

Headache due to low arterial pressure is often accompanied by weakness, formidable yawning and fatiguability.

The ophthalmoscopic examination must never be omitted when the symptom of headache is evaluated.

Some patients complain of squeezing headaches, dizziness in prolonged attack of stenocardia.

In some cases the patients with acute myocardium infarction the headache is accompanied by losing of consciousness.

Exercise 11. Translate into English:

Второй вид головной боли развивается при патологических процессах, прежде всего поражении чувствительных рецепторов и нервов.

Третий вид головной боли вызван повреждением мышц черепа.

Головная боль третьего типа характеризуется пульсирующей или давящей болью в затылке.

Больной жалуется на головокружение, шум в ушах, тошноту и даже рвоту.

Головная боль – частый симптом некоторых острых и хронических заболеваний внутренних органов.

Офтальмологический осмотр должен быть сделан при оценке головной боли.

Exercise 12. Explain the terms in English:

hematoma

tinnitus

faint

Exercise 13. Repeat medical terminology. INJURIES. Choose the correct answer.

1. He got that.... .on his forehead when he ran into an open cupboard door in the dark a few days ago.

a) blister b) bruise c) scar d) sprain

2. Mary was.....by a wasp while she was gathering some pears.

a) bitten b) eaten c) stung d) wounded

3. Be carefol you don't.....yourself when you are cutting those roses.

a) pick b) prick c) sting d) wound

4. I fell off my bicycle when I was five and I still have a..... on my knee.

a) freckle b) scar c) hole d) scratch

5. He got a terrible.....on the head when he forgot to bend as he went through

the low doorway.

a) bump b) hunch c) ripple d) wrinkle

6. This.... .dates from my operation last year.

a) cut b) scar c) scratch d) sore

7. A sword will only draw blood if it actually.... .the skin.

a) pierces b) pricks c) plunges d) thrusts

8. I have a..... on my leg where you hit me.

a) blister b) bruise c)hole d)round

9. She cried so much that her face became......

a) fat b) soft c) swollen d) torn

10. If you are so senseless as to go on long walks in tight-fitting shoes, you must expect to get … .

a) blisters b) bruises c) scars d) scratches

TEST

1. Headache is one of the most... symptoms in medical practice.

a) rare

b) short-term

c) frequent

d) long-term

e) obscure

2. Headache is a frequent symptom of diseases of internal organs, in particular diseases of the...

a) liver

b) heart

c) stomach

d) kidneys

e) spleen

3. The... examination must never be omitted when the symptom of headache is evaluated.

a) neurological

b) psychiatric

c) internal

d) ophthalmoscopic

e) cystoscopic

4. Headaches in myocardium ifarction arise due to insufficiency of...

a) respiration

b) pulmonary circulation

c) brain circulation

d) systemic circulation

e) kidneys

5. In a low level of arterial pressure, the headache is the most expressed... .

a) in the evenings

b) at night

c) in the afternoon

d) at dusk

e) in the mornings

6. A pressing or throbbing headache localized in the area of the... of the head is due to damage of the skull muscles.

a) temples

b) upper jaw

c) back

d) facial part

e) low jaw

7. The patients with low arterial pressure are inclined to... .

a) nausea

b) faint

c) vomiting

d) dizziness

e) loss of weight

8. In some cases of the patients with acute myocardial infarction the headache is accomponied by... .

a) diarrhea

b) constipation

c) prolonged dizziness

d) losing of consciousness

e) vomiting

9. The patients with low arterial pressure often complain... palpitation and increased fatiguability.

a) at

b) of

c) on

d) about

e) for

10. A headache develops... pathological processes primarily affection of sensitive receptors and nerves.

a) at

b) by

c) on

d) with

e) in

2 3 . M I G R A I N E

Exercise 1. Practice the pronunciation:

Vague [ veig ]

Malaise [ mə’ leiz ]

Vertex [ ‘vʒ teks ]

Forehead [ 'farid ]

Nausea [ 'nɔ:ziə ]

To exhaust [ ig' zɔ:st ]

Indistinguishable [ indi’stingwi∫әbl ]

Disturbance [di’stʒ:bəns ]

Exercise 2. Topic vocabulary:

Recurrent attacks - повторяющиеся приступы

To precede the onset - предшествовать началу приступа

Vague — неопределенный, неясный

Malaise - недомогание, беспокойство

Impending arrival - приближающее начало

Visual disturbance - нарушение зрения

Temple - висок

Restricted area - ограниченная область

Vertex - темя, макушка

Throbbing - пульсирующий

Occurrence - случай, явление

То alternate - чередовать(ся), перемежаться

Exercise 3. Give russian equivalents

Constant feature, fully developed attack, sickness, to suffer from a vague malaise, sudden onset, to cross the midline, bilateral and bitemporal headache, to persist for several hours, the frequency of the attacks, to enjoy normal health, the sufferer, cerebral tumour, sensory phenomena, in migraine.

Exercise 4. Translate the following sentences. Pay attention to the place occupied by Participle in the sentences:

Twenty women undergoing tubal or endometriosis surgery by laparoscopy or laparotomy were evaluated postoperativeiy.

A new virus linked to liver disease of previously unknown cause has been discovered by a research team in Italy.

Continuously monitoring the blood pressure of patients in the intensive care unit today involves a catheter system.

It detected early, before the cancer has spread, melanoma has an almost 100% cure rate.

The precise nature of the cellular defect resulting from the mutation is uknown.

Exercise 5. Read and translate the text.

MIGRAINE

Migraine is an aparoxysmal nervous disturbance of which the most constant feature is recurrent attacks of headache, but in the fully developed attack visual and sensory symptoms precede the onset of headache, while sickness accompanies it. Symptoms. On the day preceding an attack the subject may suffer from a vague malaise that warns him of its impending arrival. On the other hand, some declare that immediately prior to the onset they fee! unusually well. In the complete attack there is a sudden onset of visual disturbance.

The headache usually starts in one temple in a restricted area and gradually spreads in extent to the vertex and forehead, and then, crossing the midline, may become a bilateral frontai and bitemporal headache of a throbbing character. Within an hour or two of its appearance, nausea, followed by vomiting, usually, though not invariably, comes on and persists for several hours. The attack carries over to the following day in a few instances, sometimes ending on the day of onset, and in either case leaving the patient exhausted but often hungry.

The frequency of the attacks varies from time to time and from case to case. Under the influence of fatigue or anxiety they may be of almost daily occurrence for weeks at a time, but this is unusual, and the periodicity may vary from weeks to months. Between the attacks the subject enjoys normal health.

While the headache is present, the eyeballs are tender to pressure and sometimes painful on movement, and the sufferer is unduly sensitive to strong light. Diagnosis. In most instances this presents no difficulties. Physical examination, both during and between the attacks, is negative, and the subject enjoys normal health between the attacks. Very rarely a cerebral tumour may produce attacks indistinguishable from those of migraine for months or years before objective physical signs are present. In such a case the headache and the sensory phenomena are constantly referred to the same side, and do not alternate from side to side as in migraine.

Exercise 6. Answer the following questions:

What is migraine?

What is the most constant feature of migraine?

What are the main symptoms of migraine?

How does the frequency of the attack vary?

When does the subject enjoy normal health?

What are the states of eyeballs while the headache is present?

What does physical examination show?

What may a cerebral tumour produce?

Where does the headache usually start?

How long does nausea persist?

Exercise 7. Skim through the text and find sentences with Participles.

Exercise 8. Translate the following sentences . Pay attention to the modal verbs.

The physical symptoms of latex allergies can include hives, blisters, rhinitis and anaphylactic shock which can be fatal.

The type, severity and location of the pain may vary from patient to patient due to the size, location, degree of obstruction caused by stones.

Her neurosis must have resulted from mental overstrain.

Inadequate feeling in infancy can result in a decreased number of brain cells and functional impairment.

In spite of all the measures taken by the doctor, he could not induce respiration in the infant with severe asphyxia.

Exercise 9. Skim through the text and find sentences with modal verbs.translate them.

Exercise 10. Find english equivalents of the following word combinations:

Нервное расстройство, начало головной боли, постоянная особенность, неясное беспокойство, нарушение зрения, пульсирующий характер боли, билатеральная и битемпоральная головная боль, тошнота, рвота, частота приступов, от случая к случаю, под влиянием усталости и беспокойства, болезненный при движении, быть чувствительным к яркому свету, физическое обследование, опухоль.

Exercise 11. Translate the following sentences:

Особенность мигрени - это повторяющиеся приступы головной боли.

При самом приступе происходит нарушение зрения.

Головная боль обычно начинается в одном из висков и постепенно распространяется ко лбу и макушке.

Тошнота, сопровождаемая рвотой, сохраняется в течение нескольких часов.

Частота приступов колеблется от случая к случаю.

Человек чувствует себя хорошо между приступами.

Глазные яблоки болят при движении.

Exercise 12. Give a brief survey of the text.

Exercise 13. Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions translate the sentences.

Weak contraction ... the diaphragm results ... the shallow respiration ... the newborn.

The patient's sensitivity ... penicillin should be studied ... the treatment is begun.

The findings ... the intradermal tests proved ... great diagnostic importance.

All infectious diseases are similar... origin.

... the most severe attacks ... bronchial asthma hormonotherapy may be used.

Most patients died ... pulmanory or cardiac failure ... five years.

Exercise 14. Translate the following sentences into russian paying attention to the word "time ".

Time 1) время ; 2) раз

At a time - одновременно

For the first time - впервые

It is time - пора

From time to time - время от времени

In (on) time - вовремя

Ho:" много времени "("долго") = long

1. For the first time influenza virus was isolated in 1934.

2. It was time to operate.

3. From time to time doctors receive journals from America.

4. 500 patients are treated at a time at the hospital.

5. About this time the professor came to work at the hospital.

6. I want to be at the conference next time.

7. Next time he wants to be in time.

TEST

1. The most constant feature of migraine is ... .

a. normal health

b. low arterial pressure

с. recurrent attacks of headache

d. stenocardia

e. pathologic process

2. ... the day preceding an attack the subject suffer... a vague malaise.

a. in, from

b. of, of

с on ,of

d. on, for

e. on, from

3. In the ... attack there is a sudden onset of visual disturbance.

a. partial

b. complete

c. same

d. full

e. other

4. The headache usually starts in one ....

a. neck

b. heart

с temple

d. back

e. abdomen

5. The headache may become bilateral one of... .

a. painful character

b. acute character

c. severe character

d. unbearable character

e. throbbing character

6. Nausea persists ... several hours.

a. for

b. of

с. in

d. through

e. under

7. The frequency of the attacks ... from time to time.

a. persists

b. pass

c. varies

d. follows

e. occur

8. The sufferer is unduly ... to strong light.

a. impossible

b. sensitive

с. sudden

d. constant

e. alone

9. Migraine is an ... disturbance.

a. alimentary

b. cardiac

с circulatory

d. nervous

e. urinary

10. The periodicity ... vary from weeks to months.

a. may

b. can с. must

d. need

e. should

11. The subject... normal health between the attacks.

a. fee!

b. is present с. enjoy

d. vary

e. enjoys

12. A vague ... warns of the impending arrivai of migraine.

a. nausea

b. malaise

с. heartburn

d. vertigo

e. vomiting

13. ... most instances the diagnosis presents no difficulties.

a. during

b. on

с. with

d. in

e. from

14. Rarely (Anton.)

a. often

b. constantly

c. usually

d. especially

e. commonly

15. Onset of the headache (Syn )

a. attack

b. disturbance

с. lesion

d. beginning

e. distress

16. Phenomena (Singular)

a. phenomen

b. phenomene

с. phenomenae

d. phenomenas

e. phenomenon

17. To suffer...

a. for

b. of

c. from

d. in

e. within

18. ... the day ... onset

a. on, of

b. in, of

c. of, on

d. for, on

e. of, for

19. Sign (Syn)

a. datum

b. symptom

с. finding

d. phenomenon

e. indicator

20... side ... side

a. of, for

b. to, for

c. in, for

d. from, in

e. from, to

2 4 . N E U R O S E S

PRE-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS.

Exercise 1. Practice the pronunciation

Overexcitation [ouv eksi teijn], diversified [dai v :sifaid], hysteria [his ti ri ], anxiety [ en zai ti], pyromania [pai r ɔ meini ].

Exercise2. Topic vocabulary

to disrupt brain activity- нарушать активносгь мозга

overexcitation - черезмерное возбуждение

the inborn traits of the brain cortex- врожденные особенности коры головного мозга.

unbalanced- неустойчивый (о психике), неуравновешенный (человек).

incompetent - неспособный

to diversify- разнообразить

anxiety- боязнь, тревога, опасение.

nervous activity failure- расстройство нервной деятельности.

accident neurosis (post-traumatic, shell-shock) - коммоционный (травматический) невроз.

war (battle) neurosis- невроз военного времени

obsessive- compulsive disorder - невроз навязчивых состояний.

Exercise 3. Match the following English word combinations with the Russian ones:

psychoneurotic disorders 1. быстрые реакции

unfavourable agents 2. меняющиеся условия

psychic conditions 3. психоневротические расстройства

rapid reactions 4. психические состояния

changing conditions 5. неблагоприятные факты

Exercise 4. Translate the following words.

Analyse them from the view point of their structure, find term- elements:

Neuralgic, neuralgiform, nervosism, neurectomy, retinoblastoma, myeloblastoma, microorganism, microscopy, microcephaly, macrocyte, macroscopic, macromelia, erythrocyte, leukocyte.

Exercise 5. Translate the following word combinations. Pay attention to the meaning and function of the-ing form:

Changing conditions, precipitating causes, increasing prevalence, existing genetic material, understanding the implication, crossing the river, anticipating factors, surrounding tissues, close reading, psychotraumatizing factors.

Exercise 6. Read and translate the text:

NEUROSES

The medical term neurosis originates from two Greek words: neuron (it means "nerve") and -osis (which is "diseased or pathological condition"). It was coined by the Scottish doctor William Cullen in 1769.

Neuroses are called psychoneurotic disorders caused by psychotraumatizing factors or by the effect of various unfavourable agents on the cerebral cortex, cerebral activity is disturbed in neurotic conditions. The famous Russian physiologist I.P. Pavlov was the first to establish that the brain cortex is the scene of 2 constant simultaneous processes-excitatoin and inhibition.

The work capacity of the nerve cells in the cerebral cortex is limited, so that overexcitation, overinhibition, or simultaneous overstimulation of both processes or of their mobility may disrupt brain activity. Under certain conditions such disruption results in a neurosis.

There are individuals of the strong type, in whom both cerebral processes are intensive, and individuals of the weak type in whom both processes are weak.

The type of a person's higher nervous activity develops under the influence of environment and training, although the inborn traits of the brain cortex are very important. A person with an inborn strong type of nervous activity may become unbalanced or inactive owing to faulty upbringing. Unbalanced persons are frequently subject to nervous activity failure, that is, neuroses.

Psychoneurotic disorders are formed in children more easily than in adults.

There are many different specific forms of neuroses: pyromania, obsessive-compulsive disorder, anxiety neurosis, hysteria, asthenic neurosis, combat neurosis, compensation neurosis, traumatic neurosis or post-traumatic stress disorder (war neurosis) and an endless variety of phobias.

The causes precipitating the formation of neurosis may be quite diversified. It is very important to reveal the causes of neuroses. The elimination of them will help to avoid the development of neuroses or will facilitate their cure.

Post-Text Assignments.

Exercise 7. Answer the questions:

What is the origin of the medical term "neurosis"?

Whom was this term coined by ?

Is cerebral activity disturbed in neurotic conditions ?

What is limited in the cerebral cortex ?

Who are subject to nervous activity failure ?

What forms of neuroses do you know?

What are the causes of neuroses ?

Exercise 8. Find English equivalents for the following words and word combinations in the text:

При здоровых психических состояниях, психотравмирующие факторы, при невротических состояниях, постоянные одновременные процессы, сохранять нормальное равновесие, работоспособность, нарушать активность мозга.

Exercise 9. Make up sentences with the following words and word combinations:

Changing conditions, the work capacity, overexcitation, excitation and inhibition, obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Exercise 10. Insert prepositions where necessary:

Children may be affected... a neurosis... any age, but it is most frequently observed... the ages of 2 and 4, 7 and 8, and... the period... puberty development due... a number... specific features... physical development during these stages... childhood. Different causes... neuroses are predominant... the different stages ... childhood.

Exercise 11. Translate into English:

Тип высшей нервной деятельности у человека формируется под воздействием окружающей среды.

Дети более подвержены психоневротическим расстройствам, чем взрослые.

Выявление причин неврозов способствует их исцелению.

Дети могут быть поражены неврозом в любом возрасте.

После полученных результатов обследований невропатолог поставил диагноз: невроз навязчивых состояний и назначил соответствующее лечение.

Exercise 12. Explain why individuals are subject to neuroses.

Exercise 13. Explain the terms in English: inhibition, cortex, environment.

TEST

l. The medical term "neurosis" originates from 2 ... words.

a. Italian

b. Greek

c. Egyptian

d. Norwegian

e. Finnish

2. The medical term "neurosis" was introduced by... .

a. Dr. Frederick Aleen

b. Dr Elliot Goslin

c. Dr. William Cullen

d. Dr. I.I. Mechnikov

e. Dr. Ronald Richardson

3. Normal condition of body and mind.

a. senitation

b. disease

c. malaise

d. health

e. illness

4. Neuroses are called... .

a. psychomotor disturbances

b. psychoneurotic disorders

c. psychopathic complications

d. neutologic lesions

e. psychogenetic reflex

5. Pertaining to neuroses

a. pyromania

b. nerves

c. neurotrauma

d. neurospongioma

e. hysteria

6. The famous Russion physiologist... established that the brain cortex is the scene of 2 constant processes-excitation and inhibiyion

a. 1.М. Sechenov

b. I.I. Pavlov

c. D.I. Ivanovsky

d. A.V. Petrovsky

e. I.A. Botkin

7. The work capacity of the nerve cells in the cerebral cortex....

a. are limited

b. is limited

c. must be limited

d. have been limited

e. having been limited

8. There are individuals... the strong type, in whom excitation and inhibition are intensive

a. to

b. in

c. out

d. of

e. about

9. The type of a person's higher nervous activity... under the influence of environment and training.

a. to be developing

b. is developing

c. has been developed

d. develops

e. developed

10. Psychoneurotic disorders are formed in children more ... than in adults.

a. heavily

b. suddenly

c. usually

d. completely

e. easily

2 5 . C E R E B R A L H E M O R R H A G E (A P O P L E X Y)

Exercise 1. Practice the pronunciation:

Consciousness ['kɔn∫əsnis], stupor ['stju:pə], variety [və'raiəti], neuron ['njuərɔn], clonus ['kləunəs], diversity [dai'və:siti], initial [i'ni∫(ə)l]

Exercise 2. Topic vocabulary:

Mental aberration – психическое расстройство

Clonus – мышечное сокращение

Deviation – отклонение

Diversity – разнообразие

Gross blood – массивное кровотечение

To subside – падать, убывать

Grave prognosis – угрожающий прогноз

Flaccid – дряблый, слабый

Evident – явный, очевидный, несомненный

Instance – случай

To last – продолжаться

Exercise 3. Find the equivalent:

1. hemorrhage a. the circular opening in the centre of the iris

2. pupil b. a state of unrousable consciousness

3. coma c. the escape of blood from a ruptured blood vessel

4. reflex d. a sensationthat he or his surroundings are in a state of

constant movement

5. dizziness e. an automatic or involuntary activity caused by simple

nervous circuit

Exercise 4. Give Russian equivalents to the following word combinations:

Serious complication, gradual development, ankle clonus, visual disturbances, suddenness of the onset, spinal fluid, profound coma, initial acute symptoms, subsequent attacks, affected side, increasing muscle tone.

Exercise 5. Translate into Russian paying attention to the Complex subject:

Cerebral hemorrhage is most likely to occur in persons with hypertension and artheriosclerosis.

Macrophages appear to be the first cells to interact with the arterial wall in marked hypercholesteremia.

Paralyses lasting 2 weeks or longer are likely to be more or less permanent.

Human milk is less likely to lead to allergic problems then other foods.

Environmental factors are known to be of significance.

Additional studies are required to determine the precise role of protein.

Goat’s milk has been proved to be good for eyes thanks to the rich presence of vitamin A.

Exercise 6. Read and translate the text:

CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE (APOPLEXY)

Etiology. Cerebral hemorrhage is most likely to occur in persons who have hypertension and arteriosclerosis. In fact, it is one of the serious complications of hypertension. Most cases occur after the age of fifty.

Symptoms and signs. The onset is usually sudden with the development of severe headache, paralysis or unconsciousness within a few minutes. Some cases, however, are marked by a more gradual development during which period the patient complains of dizziness, visual disturbances, headache and perhaps mental aberrations.

For some unexplained reasons the branches of the sylvian arteries — those which supply the motor area of the brain — are the ones most commonly affected and consequently paralyses are commonly observed.

In the more serious cases unconsciousness occurs within a relatively short period after the onset, and by the time the physician is called the patient is in a deep stupor. A variety of neurological signs may be evident, depending of course upon the location of the hemorrhage. There is often a deviation of the eyes which usually "look toward the affected side." The pupils are fixed; there may be evident paralysis of the facial muscles on the affected side.

During the early stages the limbs may be flaccid, but, later, evidence of upper motor neuron involvement becomes evident with the increasing muscle tone, hyperactive reflexes and presence of pathologic reflexes (Babinsky, Hoffman, and others). Ankle clonus may be evident. Hemorrhage into parts of the brain other than the motor area may produce a diversity of symptoms and findings.

Diagnosis. In severe cases there is usually little difficulty with the diagnosis — the presence of hypertension, the suddenness of the onset, the development of paralysis being found in combination. Examination of the spinal fluid reveals an increase of the pressure and in most instances there will be gross blood.

Prognosis. The prognosis of cerebral hemorrhage is grave. It is poorest in those cases in which profound coma persists for twenty-four hours or longer and in those patients who develop a high fever. If consciousness returns, the patient stands a good chance of recovery, but may suffer from subsequent attacks at any time. Paralyses often improve after one or two weeks as the edema of the brain subsides. Paralyses lasting two weeks or longer are likely to be more or less permanent.

Treatment. The treatment of cerebral hemorrhage is largely supportive. Close nursing attention to prevent strangulation and aspiration is important. In those cases in which the patient recovers from the initial acute symptoms, every effort should be directed toward the maintenance of muscle function by massage and passive exercise.

POST-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS

Exercise 7. Answer the questions:

What are the causes of apoplexy?

At what age is apoplexy likely to occur?

Is the onset of the disease sudden or gradual?

Why is paralysis most commonly observed?

What eye signs are evident in cerebral hemorrhage?

What is the prognosis of the disease?

What does treatment consist of?

Exercise 8. Find synonyms to the following words in the text:

Bleeding, giddiness, case, investigation, extremities, constant, data, convalescence, elevation, deep

Exercise 9. Find English equivalents to the following word combinations:

Серьезное осложнение, постепенное развитие, зрительные расстройства, мышечный тонус, пораженная сторона, локализация кровоизлияния, лицевые мышцы, относительно короткий период, вовлечение верхнего моторного нейрона, сверхактивные рефлексы, спинномозговая жидкость, первоначальные острые симптомы, глубокая кома, массивное кровотечение, последующие приступы, внезапность начала.

Exercise 10. Insert prepositions:

There may be evident paralysis … the facial muscles … affected area.

In serious cases unconsciousness occurs … a relatively short period.

… the early stages the limbs may be flaccid.

The prognosis is poor …cases when profound coma persists … twenty-four hours or longer.

Some cases of apoplexy are marked … a more gradual development.

Neurological signs may depend … the location … hemorrhage.

… severe cases there is usually little difficulty … the diagnosis.

Exercise 11. Translate the sentences with the Complex subject (revision)

1. After vitamin injections some patients seem to have improved.

2. He was known to have had a hernia for many years.

3. Precise monitoring of serum electrolytes would appear essential before and during antiarrhythmic drug therapy.

4. Coronary patients have now been established to be at increased risk of cardiac mortality.

5. Injuries are most likely to have occurred in children.

6. The number of drugs are known to have been available for the treatment of cardiac failures.

7. The cell happened to have divided during the experiment.

Exercise 12. Translate the following sentences using the Complex subject:

1. Лимфоциты, как известно, регулируют иммунный ответ.

2. Ферменты, по-видимому, очень лабильны.

3. Очевидно, онкологи научатся лечить рак.

4. Сообщили, что ученые Канады изолировали ген, определяющий пол ребенка.

5. Обнаружили, что это явление имеет широкое распространение.

6. Известно, что гипертония и ишемическая болезнь сердца составляют большой процент заболеваемости.

7. Сообщалось, что операции по вживлению искусственного сердца человеку проводятся в США и в нашей стране.

8. Известно, что операции по вживлению искусственного сердца сложны и многоплановы.

9. Известно, что созданы портативные дефибрилляторы.

10. Результаты оказались удовлетворительными.

Exercise 13. What do you mean by

spinal fluid

headache

paralysis

Exercise 14. SYMPTOMS. Choose the correct answers.

1. She has been working so hard she feels quite ... .

a) careful b) dull c) exhausted d) wasted

2. The dog was in a terrible ... when we found it.

a) condition b) danger c) illness d) sickness

3. His illness made him ... of concentration.

a) incapable b) incompetent c) powerless d) unable

4. I felt a sharp ... when I put my hand in the boiling water.

a) ache b) harm c) pain d) suffer

5. If you have got measles, your body is covered in ... .

a) blots b) dots c) freckles d) spots

6. There is a small hard ... on my wrist. I think I'd better see the doctor.

a) bruise b) lump c) rash d) swelling

7. I have a bad cold, and have lost all ... of smell.

a) degree b) scent c) sense d) skill

8 He ... from rheumatism.

a) hurts b) pains c) suffers d) troubles

9. Women seem able to ... pain better than men.

a) bear b) carry c) support d) wear

10. I couldn't go to the party because of a ... cold.

a) fast b) hurried c) sudden d) surprising

11.I have a ... headache.

a) burning b) raving c) spitting d) splitting

12. Her sister's ... kept me awake for half the night.

a) blowing b) coughing c) flowing d) swallowing

13. His stomach began to ... because of the bad food he had eaten.

a) ache b) be hurt c) harm d) pain

14. You can die from breathing the ... from a car engine for too long.

a) air b) fumes c) smoke d) steam

15. He says he has got … in his stomach.

a) aches b) hurt c) pains d) suffering.

TEST

1. Insult is one of the serious complications of... .

a) hypotension

b) neuritis

c) hypertension

d) angina pectoris

e) myocardial infarction

2. Most cases of apoplexy occur after the age of... .

a) 30

b) 40

c) 50

d) 60

e) 70

3. The onset of apoplexy is usually... .

a) gradual

b) abrupt

c) sharp

d) sudden

e) slow

4. Apoplexy is most commonly accomponied by ... .

a) vomiting

b) paralysis

c) nausea

d) diarrhea

e) constipation

5. The prognosis is poorest in those patients who develop... .

a) severe cough

b) rales

c) breathlessness

d) pain

e) a high fever

6. Paralyses often improve after... as the edema of the brain subsided.

a) one or two days

b) one or two weeks

c) several days

d) a month

e) several months

7. Examination of the spinal fluid reveals an increase of the... .

a) leucocyte count

b) meningococci

c) pressure

d)erythrocyte count

e) neutrophils

8. Paralyses lasting ... or longer are likely to be more or less permanent.

a) one or two days

b) three-four days

c) a week

d) two weeks

e) a month

9. A vaiety of neurological signs may be evident depending... the location of the hemorrage.

a) in

b) upon

c) at

d) from

e) by

10. If consciousness returns, the patient may suffer... subsequent attacks at any time.

a) on

b) at

c) from

d) for

e) in

2 6 . E P I L E P S Y

Exercise 1. Practice the pronunciation:

Neuron ['njuәron]

Wiring ['waiәriŋ]

Outwardly ['autwәdli]

Embarrassment [im' bærәsmәnt]

License ['laisәns]

Threatening ['retniŋ]

Enhance [in' ha:ns]

Goal [goul]

Transplanting [træns'pla:ntiŋ]

Exercise 2. Topic vocabulary:

Cluster скопление

Wiring фиксация

Seizure эпилептический припадок

To interfere вредить

Outwardly внешне, снаружи, на вид

Embarrassment затруднение, препятствие, расстройство,

нарушение, недостаточность

Social setting окружение

Recreational развлекательный

To enhance усилить

To predict предсказывать

Exercise 3. Match English word combinations with the following Russian ones:

1. Clusters of nerve cells 2. Loss of consciousness 3. To lead to seizures 4. Diagnostic test for epilepsy 5. Brain scan 6. Vagus nerve stimuli 7. Behavioral and emotional problems 8. refuse drivers licenses 9. Life-threatening 10. Sudden unexplained death 11. With goal to enhancing treatment 12. Transplanting fetal pig neurons 13. to maintain a strict diet 14. rich in fats and low in carbohydrates food

1. пересадка эмбриональных нервных клеток свиньи; 2. внезапная необъяснимая смерть; 3. раздражители блуждающего нерва; 4. диагностический тест на эпилепсию; 5. скопление нервных клеток; 6. отказ на получение водительских прав; 7. вести к эпилептическим припадкам; 8. потеря сознания; 9. опасный для жизни; 10. богатая на жиры и бедная на углеводы пища; 11. поведенческие и эмоциональные проблемы; 12. с целью усиления лечения; 13. поддерживать строгую диету 14. сканограмма мозга

Exercise 4. Match medical terms with the proper definitions:

1. ketogenic diet 2. Synapse 3. Neurons 4. Neurotransmitter 5. gamma-aminobutryic acid 6. Vagus nerve 7. Epilepsy

1. – a disorder of the brain function characterized by recurrent seizures that have a sudden onset. 2. – (nerve cell) one of the basic functional units of the nervous system: a cell specialized to transmit electrical nerve impulses and so carry information from one part of the body to another. 3. – a chemical substances released from nerve endings to transmit impulses across synapses to other nerves and across the minute gaps between the nerves and the muscles or glands that they supply. 4. – the minute gap across which the nerve impulses pass from one neuron to the next, at the end of a nerve fiber. 5. – the tenth cranial nerve , which supplies motor nerve fibers to the muscles of swallowing and parasymphatic fibers to the heart and organs of the chest cavity and abdomen. 6. – an amino acid found in the central nervous system, predominantly in the brain, where it acts as an inhibitory neurotransmitter. 7.– a diet that promotes the formation of ketonic bodies (are produced during the metabolism of fats) in the tissue.

Exercise 5. Give the adjectives and adverbs in the comparative and superlative degree. Find in the text such adjectives or adverbs.

Model 1: great – greater – the greatest

Thick, large, near, thin, late, early, highly, narrow, few, busy.

Model 2: difficult – more difficult – the most difficult

Interesting, important, different, careful, virulent, easily, slowly

Model 3: good/well – better – the best

Bad, much/many, little, old, badly, far.

Exercise 6: Form adjectives from the given words with the help of the given suffixes. Translate them into Russian.

- ful care, pain, beauty, use, harm, hope

- less use, hope, sleep, rest, pain, home, life

- al nature, practice, experiment, mechanic

- y wind, bone, salt, health, ease, sleep, rapid

- able change, move, eat, response, consider

- ous infection, danger, nerve, fiber, vein

- ive ( - tive, -ative) express, connect, cause, operate

- ic history, metal, psyche, system, science

Exercise 7. Translate into Russian. Pay attention to the sentences with Infinitive.

The patient to be operated on was brought to the hospital on a stretcher.

This is the patient to be given general anesthesia.

The surgeon took a scalpel to make a midline abdominal incision.

The surgeon must be operating on the patient with a perforative appendicitis now.

To prevent complications after the flu one must go to bed at the onset of the disease and take prescribed drugs.

To treat advanced cases of malignant tumors is very difficult.

We had to take the newly admitted patient for an operation immediately to prevent the rupture of the appendix.

The old man was too weak to be operated on and the doctor decided to postpone the operation.

Exercise 8. Open the brackets using Infinitive in the appropriate form:

This is the patient (to take) to ward.

He wanted (to send) to the oncological centre for practice.

He seems (to recover) by and by (gradually).

The students were glad (to show) a plastic operation yesterday.

(To operate) on this patient we must give him a local anesthesia first.

The nurse brought the blood (transfer) to the patient (to operate).

The stitches are (to remove) on the tenth post-operative day.

(To consider) negative, an infant must have a negative DNA after age one month.

The patient had (to take) to an operation immediately to prevent the rupture of the appendix.

Further studies are needed (to characterize) the cause and possible treatment of hyper ammonia after lung transplantation.

Exercise 9. Read and translate the text:

EPILEPSY.

Epilepsy is a brain disorder in which clusters of nerve cells, or neurons, in the brain sometimes signal abnormally. In epilepsy, the normal pattern of neuronal activity becomes disturbed, causing strange sensations, emotions, and behavior or sometimes convulsions, muscle spasms, and loss of consciousness. Epilepsy is a disorder with many possible causes. Anything that disturbs the normal pattern of neuron activity - from illness to brain damage to abnormal brain development - can lead to seizures. Epilepsy may develop because of an abnormality in brain wiring, an imbalance of nerve signaling chemicals called neurotransmitters, or some combination of these factors. Having a seizure does not necessarily mean that a person has epilepsy. Only when a person has had two or more seizures is he or she considered to have epilepsy. *EEGs and brain scans are common diagnostic test for epilepsy.

Once epilepsy is diagnosed, it is important to begin treatment as soon as possible. For about 80 percent of those diagnosed with epilepsy, seizures can be controlled with modern medicines and surgical techniques. Some antiepileptic drugs can interfere with the effectiveness of oral contraceptives. In 1997, the FDA approved the vagus nerve stimulator for use in people with seizures that are not well-controlled by medication.

Scientists are studying potential antiepileptic drugs with goal of enhancing treatment for epilepsy. Scientists continue to study how neurotransmitters interact with brain cells to control nerve wiring and how non-neuronal cells in the brain contribute to seizures. One of the most-studied neurotransmitters is *GABA, or gamma-aminobutryic acid. Researchers are working to identify genes that may influence epilepsy. This information may allow doctors to prevent epilepsy or to predict which treatments will be most beneficial. Doctors are now experimenting with several new types of therapies for epilepsy, including transplanting fetal pig neurons into the brains of patients to learn whether cell transplants can help control seizures, transplanting stem cells, and using a device that could predict seizures up to 3 minutes before they begin. Researchers are continually improving MRI and other brain scans. Studies have show that in some case, children may experience fewer seizures if they maintain a strict diet - called the ketogenic diet - rich in fats and low in carbohydrates.

*EEGs - electroencephalograms - электроэнцефалограммы;

*GABA - gamma-aminobutryic acid - гамма – аминомасляная кислота;

* MRL – magnetic resonance imaging – магнито – резонансное изображение

Exercise 10. Answer the following questions.

1. What is damaged in Epilepsy?

2. Clusters of what cells in the brain signal are abnormally?

3. What problems may occur in epilepsy, when the normal pattern of neuronal activity becomes disturbed?

4. When may Epilepsy develop?

5. When does epilepsy occur a patient ?

6. What are the most common diagnostic tests for epilepsy?

7. What new types of therapies for epilepsy are being experimented now?

8. What device can predict seizures in Epilepsy?

9. When may children experience fewer seizures?

10. How do we call a diet – rich in fats and low in carbohydrates?

Exercise 11. Put questions to the underlined members or parts of sentences.

1. Epilepsy is a brain disorder in which clusters of nerve cells, or neurons, in the brain sometimes signal abnormally.

2. In epilepsy, the normal pattern of neuronal activity becomes disturbed, causing strange sensations, emotions, and behavior or sometimes convulsions, muscle spasms, and loss of consciousness.

3. Anything that disturbs the normal pattern of neuron activity - from illness to brain damage to abnormal brain development - can lead to seizures.

4. Epilepsy may develop because of an abnormality in brain wiring, an imbalance of nerve signaling chemicals called neurotransmitters, or some combination of these factors.

5. Only when a person has had two or more seizures is he or she considered to have epilepsy.

6. For about 80 percent of patients diagnosed with epilepsy, seizures can be controlled with modern medicines and surgical techniques.

7. Some antiepileptic drugs can interfere with the effectiveness of oral contraceptives.

8. Scientists are studying potential antiepileptic drugs with goal of enhancing treatment for epilepsy.

9. Scientists continue to study how neurotransmitters interact with brain cells to control nerve firing and how non-neuronal cells in the brain contribute to seizures.

10. Studies have show that in some case, children may experience fewer seizures if they maintain a strict diet - called the ketogenic diet - rich in fats and low in carbohydrates.

Exercise 12. Make up sentences according to the text.

1. Epilepsy, possible, with, disorder, is, many, a, causes.

2. Is, as, to, epilepsy, begin, as, once, diagnosed, is, treatment, soon, important, it, possible.

3. Are, identify, researchers, to, that, working, epilepsy, genes, influence, may.

4. Seizures, cause, not, most, brain, do, damage.

5. Contraceptives, drugs, with, interfere, some, can, effectiveness, the, antiepileptic, of, oral.

Exercise 13. Insert the prepositions and adverbs where it is necessary.

1. Epilepsy is a brain disorder … which clusters … nerve cells, or neurons, … the brain sometimes signal abnormally.

2. *EEGs and brain scans are common diagnostic test … epilepsy.

3. … about 80 percent … those diagnosed … epilepsy, seizures can be controlled … modern medicines and surgical techniques.

4. Most people … epilepsy lead … normal lives.

5. Researchers are … improving MRI and other brain scans.

Exercise 14. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words given below:

1. … a disorder of the brain function characterized by recurrent seizures that have a sudden onset.

2. In epilepsy, the normal pattern of neuronal activity becomes …, causing strange sensations, emotions, and behavior or sometimes convulsions, muscle spasms, and loss of consciousness.

3. Epilepsy may develop because of … in brain wiring, an imbalance of nerve signaling chemicals called neurotransmitters, or some combination of these factors.

4. Having … does not necessarily mean that a person has epilepsy

5. … are common diagnostic test for epilepsy.

6. Once epilepsy… , it is important to begin treatment as soon as possible.

(*EEGs and brain scans; disturbed; a seizure; Epilepsy; an abnormality; is diagnosed).

Exercise 15. Translate into English, using active vocabulary:

1. Эпилепсия - это нарушение функции мозга, характеризующееся повторными приступами с внезапным началом.

2. При эпилепсии, когда нормальная структура нейронной активности нарушается, провоцируются незнакомые восприятия, эмоции, поведение, иногда конвульсии, мышечные спазмы, а также потеря сознания.

3. Всё то, что может нарушить нормальную структуру нейронной активности – от заболевания до повреждения мозга – может привести к эпилептическому приступу.

4. Только тогда, когда у пациента случалось два и более эпилептических припадка, можно полагать, что у пациента – эпилепсия.

5. Наиболее частыми диагностическими тестами при эпилепсии считаются электроэнцефалограммы и сканограммы головного мозга.

6. Как только устанавливается диагноз эпилепсии, необходимо как можно скорее начать лечение.

7. Большинство женщин с эпилепсией могут забеременеть, но при этом, они должны обсудить своё заболевание и сообщить о медикаментозном лечении, которое они принимают, со своим врачом.

8. Исследователи работают над тем, чтобы идентифицировать гены, которые могут влиять на эпилепсию.

9. Сейчас доктора экспериментируют с несколькими новыми типами лечения эпилепсии, включая трансплантацию эмбриональных нейроны свиней в мозг человека, трансплантацию стволовых клеток, а также использование устройства, которое сможет предупредить припадки за 3 минуты до их начала.

10. Известно, что при соблюдении строгой диеты, которая содержит большое количество жиров, но малое количество углеводов, можно избежать частых приступов эпилепсии.

Exercise 16. Give the summary of the text, according to the following questions.

What is Epilepsy?

Is there any treatment?

What research is being done?

Exercise 17. Topic vocabulary:

Nouns	Verbs	Adjectives
Clusters Pattern Behavior Consciousness Seizures Abnormality Chemicals Epilepsy Disorder nerve cells neurons activity convulsions illness damage seizures neurotransmitters medicines techniques medication goal acid genes therapies transplants stem cells device brain scans studies diet carbohydrates	To signal To become disturbed To lose consciousness To disturb To lead to To consider To diagnose To be controlled with To interfere with To approve To study to continue to study to interact with to control to contribute to to identify to influence to allow to prevent to predict to improve to experience to maintain	neuronal strange possible abnormal common diagnostic important modern surgical antiepileptic oral vagus not well-controlled potential antiepileptic non-neuronal beneficial several fewer strict ketogenic rich low

TEST:

1. Epilepsy is a brain disorder in which… , or neurons, in the brain sometimes signal abnormally.

a. clots of nerve cells

b. clusters of nerve cells

c. fascicles of nerve cells

d. bundle of nerve cells

e. plexus of nerve cells

2. …epilepsy, the normal pattern of neuronal activity becomes disturbed, causing strange sensations, emotions, and behavior or sometimes convulsions, muscle spasms, and loss of consciousness.

a. At

b. On

c. In

d. Upon

e. Before

3. Anything that disturbs the normal pattern of neuron activity - from illness to brain damage to abnormal brain development -… .

a. can be lead to seizures

b. can leads to seizures

c. could lead to seizures

d. can lead to seizures

e. can to lead to seizures

4. Epilepsy may develop because of an abnormality in brain wiring, an imbalance of nerve signaling chemicals called… , or some combination of these factors.

a. neuroblasts

b. neurocytons

c. neurotachometers

d. neuroviruses

e. neurotransmitters

5. Only when a person …two or more seizures is he or she considered to have epilepsy.

a. has had

b. have had

c. had had

d. have been

e. have been had

6. …of those diagnosed with epilepsy, seizures can be controlled with modern medicines and surgical techniques.

a. For about 80 percent

b. For about 70 percent

c. For about 60 percent

d. For about 50 percent

e. For about 40 percent

7. …, the FDA approved the vagus nerve stimulator for use in people with seizures that are not well-controlled by medication.

a. In 1907

b. In 1987

c. In 1997

d. In 1917

e. In 1897

8. This information … epilepsy or to predict which treatments will be most beneficial.

a. may allow doctors to prevent

b. may allow doctors to prompt

c. may be allowed doctors to prevent

d. may be allow doctors to prevent

e. may allow doctors to prevent

9. Doctors are now experimenting with several new types of therapies for epilepsy, including transplanting fetal pig neurons into the brains of patients to learn whether cell transplants can help control seizures, transplanting stem cells, and using a device that could predict seizures… .

a. up to 3 minutes after they begin

b. up to 3 minutes before they begin

c. up to 3 minutes before they complete

d. up to 23 minutes before they begin

e. to three minutes after they finish

10. Studies have show that in some case, children may experience fewer seizures if they maintain a strict diet - called … - rich in fats and low in carbohydrates.

a. the bland diet

b. the gluten-free diet

c. the sodium-restricted diet

d. the ketogenic diet

e. the unmeasured diet

K E Y S