2. Insert the proper words from the box:

airworthiness ground tests small materials samples strong light

1. One or two ….. are always tested to prove that they are as … as designer intended.

2. Two kinds of …. strength tests are carried out.

3. The structure of the aircraft has to be as …. and … as safety and efficiency will allow.

4. When a plane has passed all the … it can get a government certificate of … without which it cannot fly.

5. New …. to give the best strength in relation to weight are constantly being tested.

3. Divide the text into logical parts. Think of the subtitle to each part. Highlight the key words of each part.

4. In the text find the definition of a stress man.

5. Answer the questions:

1. What are the things which make aircraft engineering difficult?

2. What is a practical limit to the total weight of aircraft?

3. Where and why do the stress man’s calculations go?

4. Why are the samples tested?

5. How many airplanes of new type are destroyed in structural tests?

6. What types of ground strength tests are carried out?

7. Can the airplane fly without government certificate of airworthiness?

8. What are the requirements for the flying controls, the electrical equipment, etc?

9. What must the working parts of the aircraft be?

10. What reason are the new materials being tested for?

Vocabulary Focus

1. Match the synonyms and make up word combinations using words from column B.

A B

reliable unit

aircraft safe

difficult destruction

engine plane

consumption cargo

freight armature

sample hard

assembly use

resistance power plant

collapse opposition

equipment pattern

2. Find these verbs in the text and write out the words collocate with.

To make, to build, to allow, to calculate, to test, to prove, to separate, to destroy, to result in, to apply.

3. Fill in the gaps with the suitable derivative of the word given in brackets.

1. The practical limit of the aircraft weight are a certain power of engine and a certain fuel ____ (consume).

2. The structure of the aircraft must be as small and light as ____ (safe) and efficiency will allow.

3. The stress man’s ____ (calculate) go to the designer of the part.

4. In one of the ground tests the wings, tail and other units reach maximum load to find out the ____ (resist) to loading.

5. In the test for fatigue strength small loads are applied for thousands of times and many ____ (repeat) can result in collapse.

Speaking

1. Imagine you are a supervisor of a trainee group. Tell them about plane makers and steps of aircraft designing.

UNIT 14

Rockets

Preparing to Read

1. Look at the picture and brainstorm all possible terms related to the topic.

2. Work in pairs. Give a definition of the term “rocket”. Suggest various areas of application for rockets.

3. Before you read the text, look at these sentences and agree or disagree with them and explain your viewpoint.

1. A rocket is a vehicle designed to leave Earth's atmosphere and operate beyond the surface of the Earth in outer space.

2. Rockets use air-breathing engines.

3. Rockets may have some stages.

4. Rockets can move with the speed much higher than the speed of sound.

Reading

1. Read the text and match the English words with their Russian counterparts.

1. booster a. окислитель

2. oxidizer b. уравнение

3. satellite c. космический корабль

4. equation d. момент выгорания топлива

5. propellant e. вакуум

6. nozzle f. искусственный спутник Земли

7. spacecraft g. ракетное топливо

8. vacuum h. ракета-носитель

9. burn-out time i. сопло

2. Read the text and check whether your predictions were correct.

3. Read the text and write a brief heading for each paragraph.