30. Explain the etymology and productivity of the affixes given below. Say what parts of speech can be formed with their help. State out why they are productive.

-ness, -ous, -ly, -y, -dom, -ish, -tion, -ed, -en, -ess, -or, -er, -hood, -less, -ate, -ing, -al, -ful, un-, re-, im-, dis-, over-, ab- 59) surakta bar ,productive:er,ing,ness,ism,ance,y,ish,able,less,ly,ize,ise,ate,un,re,dis

31. Explain the logical associations in the following groups of meaning for the same words. Define the type of transference which has taken place. A. Metonymy b. Metaphor

Generally speaking, of any semantic change has some associations between the old meaning and the new. There are two kinds of association involved in various semantic changes: similarity of meaning (metaphor) and contiguity of meaning (metonymy). In other words transference based on Resemblance is metaphor. Transference based on contiguity is metonymy. The process of development of a new meaning or a change of meaning is traditionally termed transference. The transfer of the meaning on the basis of comparison or resemblance is called metaphor. For example,

1. similarity of shape, e.g. head of a cabbage, bottleneck, teeth of a comb

2. similarity of position, e.g. foot of a mountain, a page, leg of a table

3. similarity of function, behaviour, e.g. branch of a science

4. similarity of colour, e.g. orange, chestnut

5. metaphors which are based on parts of a human body, e.g. an eye of a needle, mouth of a river, head of an army

6. when proper names become common nouns, e.g. vandals-destructive people, a Don Juan-a lover of many women

32. Give the differences between productive and non-productive affixes and state out the productive affixes from the list: -th, -en, -er, -less, -som, -ness, -hood, -ance 59) surakta bar

33. Analyze the classification types of shortened words (acronyms, abbreviation, ellipsis, final clipping, initial clipping, medial clipping, blending) and prove what type the following words belong to: 1) story-history, phone-telephone, chute-parachute, flu-influenza, tec-detective –initial clipping

2) ad, advert-advertisement, coke-coca-cola, ed-editor, lab-laboratory –final clipping

3) maths-mathematics, specs-spectacles, ma’am-madam –medial clipping

4) daily paper-daily, weekle paper-weekly, pop-popular music, pub-public house, taxi-taximeter-cab, perm-permanent wave-clipping

5) UNESCO, UNO, BBC, MPs, SOS - acronymy

6) pp-pages, ll-lines, cc-centuries, bldg-building, govt-government, doz-dozen, ltd-limited -abbreviation

7) fog – from smoke and fog, slanguage – from slang language, dramedy – from drama and comedy -blending

34. Give possible definition and functions of the semantic field, then, give the differences in their stylistic type of the lexemes belonging to the semantic field of “madness”. Match the lexemes with the categories: 1) literary, academic or technical in character –b 2) colloquialisms -d 3) dated or archaic –c

4) relatively recent in origin –a 5) stylistically neutral –e; 46) suraktyn jauaby

36. From the following list of words choose the neutral words. Then compare and contrast neutral and coloured or marked words, give their importance in speech.

Parent-father *-dad

Chum-friend*-fellow

Large-big*-tremendous

Like*-love-worship

37. Pick up the examples of slang from the list and analyze the sources, usage of them in everyday speech.

Paternal, solar, donkey*, domestic, teenager, chap*, computer, labial, to be on the beam*, hereby, nut*, hitch-hiker*, mental, tape-recorder, the bobby on the beat*.

38. Give the British for the following Americanisms and give some lexical and grammatical differences of BE and AE. Apartment -building, store- floor, baggage- luggage, street car- trolley bus, fall- autumn, elevator -lift, candy-sweet, corn-flour.

39. Choose the examples of metonymy and give characteristic features of metonymy contrasting with metaphor. Knight, villain, saxophone*, eye of a needle, boycott*, the city, china*, marshall, foot of the mountains, mother country, a glass*, the branch of a science. 31) surak pragmo-prof-dyn

40. Find out the dominant synonym from the given list and explain its characteristic features and answer if the dominant synonym be substituted for certain other members of a group of synonyms. a) scent, perfume, aroma, smell*, odour

b) to astonish, to surprise*, to amaze, to puzzle

c) to brood, to reflect, to meditate, to think*

d) to shine*, to flash, to blaze, to gleam, to sparkle

41. State out the differences between formal and informal vocabulary and compare their characteristic features. 1) Formal – a,b,e,f

2) Informal –c,d

43. State out the secondary ways of word-formation from the given list and compare them with your mother tongue. Say if they are the same or different: stress-interchange, sound-interchange, reduplication, blending, sound-imitation

44. Divide the next principles into aims and objectives of Lexicology. a) to investigate the problems of word structure, word-formation -obj

b) to give systematic description of the word-stock of modern English -aim

c) to deal with the problems of dictionary compiling -obj

d) to investigate the semantic structure of the words -obj

e) to systematize the whole vocabulary –aim

45. Prepare 7-10 problematic questions on the theme ways of formation of phraseological units. Then give your own possible answers to them.

1. What are the differences between primary and secondary ways of formation of phraseological units?

2. What are the differences between phraseological units by means of alliteration and phraseological units by using archaisms?

3. Can y ou give the equivalent phraseological unit in your mother tongue for the primary ways of formation of phraseological units?

4. Can you give the equivalent phraseological unit in your mother tongue for the secondary ways of formation of phraseological units?

5. Which way of formation is more in usage of speech in the primary ways of formation of phraseological units?

6. Which way of formation is more in usage of speech in the secondary ways of formation of phraseological units?

7. Can you give an example for the phraseological unit by means of expressiveness, especially characteristic for forming interjections

46. A number of English idioms that have essentially the same meaning show lexical differences between the British and the American version. There is given a table of idioms, you should find out which of them are BE, or AE. Then give other lexical and grammatical differences of BE and AE. 1) sweep under the carpet - a) sweep under the rug

2) touch wood - b) knock on wood

3) see the wood for the trees - c) see the forset for the trees

4) skeleton in the cupboard - d) skeleton in the closet

5) a home from home - e) a home away from home

6) a drop in the ocean - f) a drop in the bucket