Pronouns

Most of Latvian pronouns are declined as nouns of first (masculine pronouns) or forth declension (feminine pronouns). Exceptions are es (I), tu (you, singular), mēs (we), jūs (you, plural), sevis (myself), kas (who), tas (that, masculine), tā (that, feminine), šis (this, masculine),šī (this, feminine), pats (myself, masculine), pati (myself, feminine).

Examples

Nominative	viņ-š	viņ-i
Genitive	viņ-a	viņ-u
Dative	viņ-am	viņ-iem
Accusative	viņ-u	viņ-us
Locative	viņ-ā	viņ-os

Nominative	viņ-a	viņ-as
Genitive	viņ-as	viņ-u
Dative	viņ-ai	viņ-ām
Accusative	viņ-u	viņ-as
Locative	viņ-ā	viņ-ās

Numerals

In Latvian there are two types of numerals: cardinal numerals and ordinal numerals. Cardinal numerals are declinable or indeclinable. Declinable cardinal numerals are declined as indefinite adjectives and ordinal numerals are declined as definite adjectives. Exceptions are numerals trīs (three), pusotra (one and a half), pustreša (one and a third), pusceturta (one and a fourth). If numeral is compound then each constituent of numeral is declined separately.

Indeclinable are numerals which has no ending:

desmit;

numerals 11-19: vienpadsmit, divpadsmit, trīspadsmit, četrpadsmit, piecpadsmit, sešpadsmit, septiņpadsmit, astoņpadsmit, deviņpadsmit;

compounds with desmit: divdesmit, trīsdesmit, četrdesmit, piecdesmit, sešdesmit, septiņdesmit, astoņdesmit, deviņdesmit;

compounds with simt: simt, divsimt, trīssiit, četrsimt, piecsimt, sešsimt, septiņsimt, astoņsimt, deviņsimt;

compounds with tūkstoš: tūkstoš, divtūkstoš, trīstūkstoš, četrtūkstoš, piectūkstoš, seštūkstoš, septiņtūkstoš, astoņtūkstoš, deviņtūkstoš, etc.

Examples

Declension of cardinal numerals

	Masc., plur.	Fem., plur.
Nominative	div-i	div-as
Genitive	div-u	div-u
Dative	div-iem	div-ām
Accusative	div-us	div-ās
Locative	div-os	div-ās

Declension of ordinal numerals

	Masc., sing.	Fem., sing.	Masc., plur.	Fem., plur.
Nominative	otr-ais	otr-ā	otr-ie	otr-ās
Genitive	otr-ā	otr-ās	otr-o	otr-o
Dative	otr-ajam	otr-ajai	otr-ajiem	otr-ajām
Accusative	otr-o	otr-o	otr-ajos	otr-ajās
Locative	otr-ajā	otr-ajā	otr-ajos	otr-ajās

Declension of cardinal numeral trīs

	Masc., plur.	Fem., plur.
Nominative	trī-s	trī-s
Genitive	trij-u	trij-u
Dative	tri-m, trij-iem	tri-m, trij-ām
Accusative	trī-s	trī-s
Locative	trij-os, trī-s	trij-ās, trī-s

Declension of cardinal numeral pusotra

	Masc., sing.	Fem., sing.	Masc., plur.	Fem., plur.
Nominative	-	-	-	-
Genitive	pusotr-a	pusotr-as	pusotr-u	pusotr-u
Dative	pusotr-am	pusotr-ai	pusotr-iem	pusotr-ām
Accusative	pusotr-u	pusotr-u	pusotr-us	pusotr-as
Locative	pusotr-ā	pusotr-ā	pusotr-os	pusotr-ās

VERBS

Verbs in Latvian are divided into three conjugations (alternative point of view is presented by A.Andronov from St.Petersburg State University). The the first conjugation belong all monosyllabic infinitive verbs and their compounds. To the second conjugation belong verbs which are derived with suffixes -ā, -ē, -o, -ī, -alē, -aļā, -elē, -uļo and has lengthening syllable in imperfect and in present tenses. To the third conjugation belong verbs which are derived with suffixes -ā, -ē, -ī, -inā and has lengthening syllable in imperfect tense. Besides there are irregular verbs: būt. iet, dot.

There are three simple tenses: present tense, imperfect tense and future tense and three perfect tenses: present perfect, past perfect, future perfect. Latvian verbs are used into five moods: indicative, imperative, conditional, conjunctive and debitive mood. The relations between tenses and moods are shown into following table.

	Indicative	Imperative	Conditional	Conjunctive	Debitive
Simple present	+	-	+	+	+
Simple imperfect	+	-	-	-	+
Simple future	+	-	-	+	+
Present perfect	+	-	+	+	+
Past perfect	+	-	-	-	+
Future perfect	+	-	-	+	+

For verb conjugation the three base forms, i.e., infinitive form, present stem and past stem are used. The following table shows correspondence between base stem and tense/mood.

Stem	Modes and tenses, which are derived from the stem
Present stem	All modes of present tense, except conditional mood; imperative mood, debitive mood.
Past stem	Imperfect tense.
Infinitive stem	Future tense, present tense of conditional mood, present tense of conjunctive mood.