5. Разделите текст на логические части, выделите в каждой из ник ключевые предложения (содержащие основную информацию). Напи­шите краткое содержание текста.

6. Прочитайте текст. Расскажите об основных способах осуществления контроля за денежной массой в сша.

The Federal Reserve System, also known as the “Fed”, is an independent U.S. government agency. Its most important function is to manage the country’s supply of money and credit.

The Federal Reserve has three main tools for maintaining the control over the total supply of money and credit in the economy. The first is discount rate, or the interest rate that commercial banks pay to borrow funds from Reserve Banks. By raising or lowering the discount rate, the Fed can promote or discourage borrowing and, thus, alter the amount of revenue available to banks for making loans.

The second is the reserve requirement. These are the percentages of deposits, set by the Federal Reserve, that commercial banks must set aside either as currency in their vaults or as deposits at their regional Reserve Banks. These percentages cannot be used for loans. In 1980 the Federal Reserve gained the authority to set reserve requirements for all deposit-taking institutions.

The third tool, which is probably the most important is known as open market operations. It is the buying and selling of government securities when the Federal Reserve buys government securities from banks, other businesses or individuals, it pays for them with a check (a new source of money that it prints) drawn on itself. When the check is deposited in a bank, it creates new reserves – a portion of which can be lent or invested - further increasing money supply.

These tools allow the Federal Reserve to use monetary policy to promote specific goals though certain factors do complicate the ability of the “Fed” to achieve them (employment problems, nation’s balance of payment difficulties, etc.)

TEXT 10. NATURE OF BUSINESS TODAY

1.Прочитайте текст, расположите ниже приведённые утверждения в соответствии с развитием темы текста.

1. Stories about successful entrepreneurs prove that many people in America came to riches “from rags”.

2. Many small businesses were started in the USA in the second half of the 20^th century.

3. Small business is an important part of the economy.

4. New kinds of industries have been developed in the USA lately.

Not all people who start businesses dream of huge multimillion - dollar corporations with international sales. Many just want to sell things - fruits and vegetables, home, appliances, clothes or computers - so that they can be "their own bosses". These small businesses are an important part of the economy. Many of them provide needed goods and services in small towns or in rural areas. In 1984, nearly 700,000 such small businesses were started in the United States. Not all of them succeeded, but the people involved at least had the satisfaction of trying. Many large companies with many stores started as one-store operations.

The Coca-Cola company, which distributes its soft drinks around the world, began when a pharmacist mixed together the first Coca-Cola drink and began selling it in the southern city of Atlanta, Georgia.

One of the best-known food companies in the United States is the H.J. Heinz Co., which specializes in pickles, mustard and ketchup. It had its beginnings when a teenager started to sell various food items door to door and on the street.

Before a young American named George Eastman came along in the 1880s, cameras were very difficult to use and only a trained expert could operate one well.

Eastman invented a new kind of film that was flexible and could be placed on a spool. He also built a camera to use his film. Starting out in a small office, he founded the now huge Eastman Kodak Company and paved the way for the many other camera companies that exist today.

Blue jeans, the popular denim trousers known to teenagers around the world, were invented by a poor cloth peddler who sold his first pairs to gold miners in California in the 1850s. His company, Levi Strauss, remains one of the largest clothing manufacturers in the United States. One example from the 1970s is that of two young men who thought they could build a new and better computer. They worked for months building the new machine, and then began gathering money to pay for its production on a large scale. One of them sold his car to get the needed capital. In 1977, they started a company called Apple Computer Corporation. By the end of 1984 that corporation was one of the largest computer makers in the United States, employing about 4,500 workers.

Stories like this create an image of America as a place in which a person can go "from rags to riches," and many people have. There have been others who failed, however, aid many others who have not wanted to take a chance at becoming a business owner.

Оnе of the most significant changes in recent decades has been a shift away from the production of goods to the delivery of services as the dominant feature of the American economy. Service industries include retail businesses, hotels and restaurants, communications and education, entertainment and banking and finance, and many other types of work. At the same time, as many traditional manufacturing enterprises in the United States decline or grow slowly, new companies spring up that are developing high technology computer, aerospace or biochemical products and services.