Сборник лекций по общей теории относительности(С. Н. Вергелес)
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Rn |
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h : U −→ Rn |
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U Rn(U, h) |
U X |
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U |
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R |
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U X |
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(U, h) |
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p U |
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h |
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p |
(x1(p), . . . , xn(p)) = h(p) Rn , |
xi(p) R. |
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− |
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←→1 |
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h |
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xi(p), i = 1, . . . , n |
U |
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(U, h) |
(U, h) |
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(U, x1, . . . , xn ) = (U, xi) |
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W = U ∩ V = |
(U, h) = (U, xi) (V, k ) = (V, yi) X Cr |
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h(W ) |
k(W ) |
Rn |
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C |
r |
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(k|W ) ◦ (h|W )−1 : h(W ) −→ k(W ) |
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p W |
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p ←→ x1(p), . . . , xn(p) , |
p ←→ y1(p), . . . , yn(p) |
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y = φ(x) (y = ((k ◦ h−1) x )
y = φ(x) |
Cr |
{(Uα, hα)} |
Cr |
X |
Cr |
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αUα = X
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Cr |
A A |
A A |
CrX |
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Cr |
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X |
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r |
Cr |
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(X , A) |
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A |
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C |
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X |
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(X , A ) |
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(Yr |
, A ) |
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X = Y |
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C |
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C∞ |
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n |
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Rn |
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X |
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Sn |
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Rn+1 |
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(x1)2 + . . . + (xn+1)2 = (D/2)2 |
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Xn |
Yn n |
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xn+1 = ±(D/2) |
Rn+1 |
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xi, i = 1, . . . , n |
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n+1 |
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Yn |
S = (y |
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n+1 |
xi → yi |
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N |
= (x |
= 0, x |
= (D/2)) |
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= 0, x |
= −(D/2)) |
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p S |
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xn+1 |
P 2 |
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p |
S |
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Xn |
yi |
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N |
i |
} i |
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p 6= S |
{x |
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p 6= N |
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{y |
N 6= p 6= S |
{xi}
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yi = f(x)xi. |
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p |
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p |
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x = (x1)2 + . . . + (xn)2, y = (y1)2 + . . . + (yn)2
x/D = tg α, y/D = ctg α |
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xy = D2 |
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xi |
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xy = D2 |
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D2 |
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D2 |
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y |
= |
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←→ x = |
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x2 |
y2 |
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{yi} |
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{xi} |
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P 2
xi
Yn
p
{yi}
f(x)x2
p
hα Vα Vα
Uα
{xi} {yi} |
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Sn |
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Sn |
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Rn |
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(−) |
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Rn |
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(x1, . . . , xn) |
x1 ≤ 0 |
Y |
n |
{(Uα, hα)} |
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X |
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Uα |
n |
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X \ Y |
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hα : Uα −→ R |
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Rn |
Uα |
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( ) |
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Uα |
∩ Y |
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1 |
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R |
n |
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Uα |
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− |
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x |
= 0 |
hα ◦ hβ−1 ≡ hαβ |
{( Uα, hα)} {(Uβ, hβ )} |
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X Uα ∩ Uβ 6= |
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hβ(Uα ∩ Uβ) |
hα(Uα ∩ Uβ ) |
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hαβ |
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Y |
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Uα ∩Y |
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hα|Uα∩Y |
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Y |
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∂X |
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Y |
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X |
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∂X |
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(n − 1) |
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X |
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X = X \ ∂X |
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∂∂X = |
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Uα ∩ ∂X = |
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Rn |
xi, i = 1, . . . , n |
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Rn |
xi(t), i = 1, . . . , n |
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vi = x˙ i(t0) |
xi(t0) |
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i′ |
i′ |
1 |
n |
x |
= x |
(x , . . . , x ) |
xi′ (t) = xi′ ( x1(t), . . . , xn(t) )
vi′ = x˙ i′ (t0)
i′ |
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∂xi′ |
i |
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x˙ |
= |
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x˙ |
, |
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∂x |
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vi |
′ |
= |
∂xi′ |
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0 vi. |
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∂xi |
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A(p) |
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X |
p |
X |
p |
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X |
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V : A(p) −→ Rn, |
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( U, h ) = ( U, x1, . . . , xn ) |
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( U′, h′ ) = ( U′, x1′ , . . . , xn′ ) |
A(p) |
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V (U, h ) = (v1, . . . , vn ) V ′(U′, h′ ) = (v1′ , . . . , vn′ ) |
Rn |
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vi |
′ |
= |
i′ |
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p |
vi. |
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∂xi |
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∂x |
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vi |
V |
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(U, h ) |
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V = (v1, . . . , vn) |
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TpX |
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X |
p |
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X |
X |
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p |
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R
(V + W )(U, h) = V (U, h) + W (U, h),
(λV )(U, h) = λV (U, h)
V, W TpX , λ R
V = (v1, . . . , vn), W = (w1, . . . , wn),
V + W = (v1 + w1, . . . , vn + wn),
λV = (λv1, . . . , λvn).
TpX Rn
(U, h) V = (v1, . . . , vn)
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Rn |
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(v1, . . . , vn) |
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TpX −→ Rn |
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(U, h) |
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V (U, h ) 7→(v1, . . . , vn ) Rn, |
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vi, i = 1 . . . , n |
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V |
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(U, h) |
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Rn |
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V (U, h) |
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(U, h) |
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(U′, h′) A(p) |
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Rn |
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e1, e2, . . . , en |
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p , |
∂x2 p , . . . , |
∂xn p . |
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∂x1 |
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∂ |
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∂ |
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∂ |
V TpX |
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TpX |
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1 |
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n |
) (U, h) |
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(U, h) |
V = (v |
, . . . , v |
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V = vi ∂ , ∂xi p
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∂ |
p |
= |
∂xi |
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p |
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∂ |
p |
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∂xi′ |
∂xi′ |
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∂xi |
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X |
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Y |
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n m |
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f : X −→ Y |
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1 |
p n X |
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1 |
, . . . , y |
m |
) |
q = f(p) Y |
X Y |
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(U, h) = (U, x , . . . , x ) (V, k) = |
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(V, y |
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p U f(U) V |
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yj = fj ( x1, . . . , xn), |
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j = 1, . . . , m, |
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fj |
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V ( U, h ) |
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W ( V, k ) |
(∂fj /∂xi)p ≡ (∂yj/∂xi)p |
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wj |
= |
∂yj |
p |
vi. |
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∂xi |
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(U′, h′) = (U′, x1′ , . . . , xn′ ) |
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(V ′, k′) |
′= (V ′, y1′ , . . . , ym′ ) |
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X Y |
p U′ |
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q V |
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′ |
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∂yj′ |
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∂yj′ |
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∂yj |
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wj |
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= |
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q wj = |
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q |
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p vi = |
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∂yj |
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∂yj |
∂xi |
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∂yj′ |
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∂yj |
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∂xi |
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∂yj′ |
′ |
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q |
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p |
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p vi |
= |
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p vi |
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∂yj |
∂xi |
∂xi′ |
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∂xi′ |
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TpX −→ TqY.
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TpX −→ TqY |
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f |
p |
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(d f)p |
d fp |
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1 |
fm: X −→1 Y gs : Y −→ Z |
( U, x1, . . . , xn ) |
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( V, y |
, . . . , y ) ( W, z , . . . , z ) |
X , Y Z |
f(U) |
V, g(V ) W y = f(x), z = g(y) |
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f g |
g ◦ f : X −→ Z |
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z = |
g(f(x)) |
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d (g ◦ f)p = d gq ◦ d fp.
f : X −→ R
TpX
d fp
V f = d fp(V )
i = 1, . . . , n
Tp X
Y = R |
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X |
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d fp |
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f |
p |
TqR = R |
Tp |
X −→ |
R |
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Tp X
Xp
V TpX
d fp(V ) = |
∂xi p |
vi. |
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∂f |
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f |
V |
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(∂/∂xi)pf = (∂f/∂xi)p |
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TpX |
d x1p, . . . , d xnp .
d xpj |
∂ |
= |
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∂xj |
p |
= δij |
d xpj (V ) = vj. |
∂xi |
∂xi |
d fp = ∂fi d xi . ∂x p p
∂xi |
= |
∂xi p |
∂xi′ . |
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∂f |
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∂xi′ |
∂f |
vi = |
∂xi′ |
p |
vi′ , |
vi′ = |
∂xi |
p |
vi. |
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∂xi |
∂xi′ |
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wi |
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(∂/∂xi)p |
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viwi |
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V Tp X |
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V = vi |
d xpi |
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X |
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Y n |
X |
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f : Y −→ X |
m |
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p Y |
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m |
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m ≤ n |
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d fp : TpY −→ TqX , |
q = f(p) |
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i : Y −→ X , |
i(p) = p |
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p Y |
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1 |
n |
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p |
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Y |
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(U, x , . . . , x ), p U |
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X |
1 |
1 |
|V , . . . , y |
m |
= x |
m |
|V |
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Y |
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V U ∩ Y |
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y |
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= x |
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m |
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x1, . . . , xm |
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n |
q |
U |
0, . . . , x (q) = 0 |
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x1, . . . , xn |
1 |
Y |
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m |
(∂/∂x )p, . . . (∂/∂x )p
X
(U, h) = (U, x1, . . . , xn) p
Tp X |
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∂ |
p |
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∂ |
p , |
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∂x1 |
∂xn |
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Sp |
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(a, b) |
V
TpY
(n− ∂X
X
d x1p, . . . , d xnp .
TpX
na+b
Sp
(U, h) (U′, h′)
j1′ ...jb′ |
= |
∂xi1 |
p . . . |
∂xia |
p |
· |
∂xj1′ |
p |
. . . |
∂xjb′ |
p |
j1...jb |
Si1′ ...ia′ |
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Si1...ia |
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∂xi1′ |
∂xia′ |
∂xj1 |
∂xjb |
(a, b)
(S + T )j1...jb = Sj1...jb + T j1...jb |
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i1...ia |
i1...ia |
i1...ia |
(λS)j1...jb = λ · Sj1...jb i1...ia i1...ia
V
xm+1(q) =
TpX n
1)
TpX
Sj1...jb i1...ia
Sp
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(a, b) |
p |
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X Y |
(U, h) |
n2 |
Sij = XiY j .
(U′, h′) n2 |
Si′j′ |
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S |
(0, 2) |
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S = X Y |
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Y |
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Sp |
(a, b) Tp |
(c, d) |
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Sp Tp = (S T )p |
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(a+c, b+d) |
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j1...jb+d |
j1...jb |
jb+1...jb+d |
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(S T )i1...ia+c |
= Si1...ia |
· Tia+1...ia+c . |
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(λS T )p = (S λT )p = λ(S T )p , λ R,
( (R + S) T )p = (R T )p + (S T )p,
( (R S) T )p = (R (S T ) )p.
(R S T )p
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S T 6= T S. |
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(a, b) |
p |
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∂ |
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∂ |
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(d xi1 )p . . . |
(d xia )p |
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p . . . |
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p . |
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∂xj1 |
∂xjb |
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Sp |
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j1...jb |
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Si1...ia |
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Sp |
(a, b) |
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js |
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ir |
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n |
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Xi |
j1...js−1ijs...jb−1 |
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˜j1...jb−1 |
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Si1...ir−1iir ...ia−1 |
= Si1...ia−1 . |
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=1 |
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(a − 1, b − 1) |
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Sp |
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j1...jb |
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Sp |
1 |
p n X |
(U, h) |
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Si1...ia |
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p |
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x , . . . , x |
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p −→ Sp |
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X |
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(a, b) |
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