zhurova_t_v_angliiskii_yazyk_dlya_studentovgeologov (1)

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b) Learn the vocabulary.

1.angleугол

2.appearanceвнешний вид

3.arsenicмышьяк

4.to alterизменять

5.to bakeпрокаливать, нагревать

6.closeблизко

7.to concealскрывать

8.cleavageотслоение

9.carefully-тщательно, внимательно

10.crackтрещина

11.to describeописывать

12.due toобусловленный, из-за

13.eitherоба, и тот, и другой

14.to foldсгибать, складывать

15.to heatнагревать

16.hardтрудно

17.to involveвлечь за собой

18.latterпоследний

19.nearbyсоседний, близлежащий

20.to overlieзалегать над чем-л. ( о напластованиях)

21.an overlying rock – покрывающая порода

22.quartziteкварцит

23.to relate toиметь отношение, быть связанным

24.to raiseподнимать

25.to be responsible forнести ответственность, отвечать

26.solutionраствор

27.to stretchтянуть(ся), натягивать(ся), вытягивать(ся)

28.softмягкий

29.sandstoneпесчаник

30.strataслои, пласты (ед. stratum)

31.to tiltнаклонять, изменять наклон

32.toughкрепкий, прочный

33.throughсквозь, через

34.volatileлетучий

35.zeoliteцеолит

с) Translate the word combinations.

1.to raise and lower the level of rocks

2.stretched, tilted, folded rocks

3.circulating water

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4.to alter the rock

5.due to hot gases and liquids

6.hot solutions

7.to relate to shifting

8.numerous cracks

9.soft sandstones

10.to be responsible for

II. Translate the sentences. Put questions to the words in italics.

1.The heat of magma bakes and alters the nearby rocks.

2.The hot gases move up through cracks making a closer contact with nearby rocks and minerals.

3.The effect of heat and hot chemical solutions is called local metamorphism.

4.Regional metamorphism involves movements of the crust of the earth.

5.Regional metamorphism can raise or lower the level of rocks.

6.Rocks may run at different angles to the strata.

7.Many forces in the crust of the earth change rocks.

8.Metamorphic rocks are hard to describe and harder to classify because their appearance depends on the kind and degree of change.

9.Regional metamorphism is responsible for the most physical and chemical changes in rocks.

10.Quartzite is an example of metamorphism.

III. Read the text.

Metamorphic Rocks

Rocks, which have been changed so that their characters are altered, are known as metamorphic rocks. All rocks change after they are formed. The atmospheres, the circulating water, the pressure of overlying rocks-all these have some effect.

Many forces in the crust of the earth change rocks. The most important of these forces are heat and pressure. Magma at a temperature 2000 degrees or more, flows into overlying rocks. The heat of magma bakes and alters the nearby rock. When hot, intruded rocks alter the rock on either side, the effect is described as a contact metamorphism. Metamorphism may be also due to hot gases and hot liquids, which flow from hot rocks heated by magma. The hot gases move up through cracks, making a closer contact with nearby rocks and materials. These volatile deposits may produce many new minerals. Hot solutions do the same thing and are likely to transport even more new minerals than hot gases. Heated waters have a much lower temperature than magma and bring their own kinds of minerals with them. The zeolites and arsenic minerals are examples of low-temperature deposits.

The effect of heat and hot chemical solutions is sometimes called local metamorphism in contrast to regional metamorphism, which affects large areas. Regional metamorphism usually involves movements of the crust of the earth. The

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origins of these movements are related to a shifting in the earth’s crust. Regional metamorphism can raise or lower the level of rocks. Rocks may be tilted, folded, stretched or broken. Therefore, regional metamorphism is responsible for the most

alteration of soft sandstones to quartzite. Quartzite is harder, tougher and more durable than the sandstone from which it was formed. Therefore, unless these rocks are studied carefully, geologists cannot be sure of their origin.

IV. Give English equivalents.

1.воздействие высокой температуры и химических растворов

2.подвижка земной коры

3.вышележащие породы

4.изменённые характеристики

5.подниматься по трещинам

6.изменить породу с всех сторон

7.внешний вид породы

8.проходить под различными углами к пласту

9.скрывать пласт

10.тщательно изучить

11.вмещающие породы

12.низкотемпературные залежи

13.степень изменения

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V. Match the synonyms.

VI. Word building.

a) Form the adjectives from the nouns, using the suffix – al. Translate the words. E.g. culture –cultural (культура – культурный)

Nature, mineralogy, physics, region, location, historic, operation, geology, chemistry.

b) Form the adjectives from the verb, using the suffix-able. Translate the words. E.g. to break – breakable (ломать – ломкий, хрупкий)

To change, to solve, to accept, to measure, to profit, to depend.

c) Translate into Russian the following words of the same stem.

1.to intrude – intrusion – introduction

2.to circulate – circular – circus

3.to describe – description

4.to transport – transportation – transporter

5.responsible – responsibility – response

6.careful – carefully – careless

7.to relate – relation – relative

8.to press – pressure

9.to vary – variation – variable – varied

10.matter – material – materialism - materialist

VII. Answer the questions.

1.What do we call metamorphic rocks?

2.What affects the formation of metamorphic rocks on the surface and in the crust of the earth?

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3.What do we call contact metamorphism?

4.Is metamorphism possible due to other effects?

5.How are minerals produced?

6.What do we call local metamorphism?

7.What do we call regional metamorphism?

8.What is regional metamorphism related to?

9.What is cleavage?

10.Why are metamorphic rocks difficult to describe and classify?

11.What are the examples of metamorphic rocks?

VIII. Complete the sentences, using the words in brackets.

(affects, to describe, characters, shifting, raise, alters, durable, cracks, volatile, overlying)

1.The origin of the earth movements are related to a … in the earth’s crust.

2.Magma at high temperatures flows into … rocks.

3.Metamorphic rocks are rocks, which … are altered.

4.… deposits may produce many new minerals.

5.Rocks may be cut by numerous... .

6.Metamorphic rocks are hard … and harder to classify.

7.Quartzite is more … than sandstone from which it was formed.

8.Regional metamorphism can … or lower the level of rocks.

9.Contact metamorphism … the rock on either side.

10.Regional metamorphism … large areas.

IX. Make up sentences from the given words.

1.the, local, due to, metamorphism, effect, is, of, heat, hot, chemical, solutions, and.

2.affects, large, regional, metamorphism, areas.

3.describe, to, metamorphic, and, rocks, hard, to, are, harder classify.

4.the, earth, many, in, crust, of, forces, the, change, rock, the.

5.are, changed, characters, known, as, rocks, with, metamorphic, rocks.

X. Grammar exercises. The Absolute Participial Construction.

Translate the following sentences into Russian, pay attention to the Absolute Participial Construction.

E.g.: 1.The well having been drilled, the oil began to flow.

После того (так как; когда) скважину пробурили, нефть начала фонтанировать.

2. The production of oil and gas greatly increased, many wells having been drilled in Western Siberia.

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Добыча нефти и газа значительно возросла, причём (и) много скважин было пробурено в Западной Сибири.

1.The number of minerals so far discovered under natural conditions is under 2000, there being little ground for assuming that the number will greatly increase in future.

2.External agents develop their activities in the surface of the lithosphere, their main source of energy being sunlight.

3.Marbles are formed out of ordinary limestones, the latter being subjected to the effect of high temperature and pressure.

4.These rocks are rich in silica, aluminia being the most abundant of the remaining constituents.

5.The surface of the crust reaches different levels in different places, the continental platform and the oceanic or deep-sea platform being two dominant levels.

6.Heat from the sun lifts water vapor from the surface of the oceans, seas, lakes and rivers, wind distributing the vapor through the lower levels of the atmosphere.

7.When evaporated seawater leaves salts, the deposits of these salts are called evaporates.

8.Petroleum occurring principally in sedimentary rocks, these rocks are of prime importance for oil geologists.

9.Limestones being exposed to heat and pressure in the earth’s crust, they become crystalline.

10.The rocks of the earth’s crust are divided into three classes, sedimentary rocks being oil reservoirs.

11.The drill cuttings having been examined, we could determine the nature of the rock.

12.Geological well logs having achieved important results, these methods found other applications besides formation evaluation.

13.The research work having been completed, they introduced the results.

14.The first man – made satellites having been sent to the moon, it became possible to investigate various types of radiation.

15.Mendeleyev having discovered the periodic law of elements, the table of elements bears his name.

XI. Translate the following sentences from a) Russian into English and b) from English into Russian not using a dictionary.

a)

1.Метаморфизм-это изменение горных пород в силу значительного давления, высокой температуры и активных химических веществ.

2.Горные породы изменяются и становятся метаморфическими породами с изменёнными свойствами.

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3.Очень многие вещества, в том числе и минералы, обладают тем свойством, что с повышением давления температура их плавления повышается, и растворимость их в воде увеличивается.

4.региональный метаморфизм возникает главным образом в верхней зоне земной коры.

5.Кливаж-это расслаивание горных пород из-за давления.

b)

1.Dynamic metamorphism involves a change in the structured of rocks. The old structures are destroyed and new ones with a well-defined orientation of the minerals appear in their place.

2.Contact metamorphism is directly associated with intrusion of the magma into earth’s crust. In this case, the containing rocks are subjected to various effect of the magma.

3.Pressure that rapidly increases with depth due to weight of the overlying rocks also plays an important role in metamorphic processes.

4.The degree of intensity of metamorphism varies depending on conditions, such as depth, temperature and pressure.

5.Metamorphic rocks are formed in the earth’s crust of igneous and sedimentary rocks by deep alteration and transportation under the action of high temperatures, pressures, hot solutions and gaseous constituents.

XII. Retell the text “Metamorphic Rocks”.

XIII. Supplementary text. Translate the text, using the dictionary.

Limestones are affected by heat, pressure and circulating liquids producing marble, a metamorphic rock. Some limestones are only slightly metamorphosed and the changes in them are difficult to see. Crystals and fossils in the rock are not altered much.

Shale formed from mud and silt, becomes metamorphosed into slate. Shale itself tends to break in flat layers. This even more true of slate. However, slate breaks along lines that are usually at an angle to the original beds of the shale. Since slate splits so easily, it was once used for shingles, blackboards and paving. If the pressure that forms slate continuous to act, a chemical reaction sets in, causing mica crystal to form. This new rock is called phyllite. It is a fine-grained slate, glittering with almost microscopic flecks of mica. If the process continues further, the grains of mica grow larger and the result is a rock that is called schist.

Some of the changes in the crust of the earth and in the rocks have been so complex that geologists are not sure just what has happened. Granite, for example, is sometimes an igneous rock, coming from magma rich in silica and aluminium. It may also be a type of metamorphic rock so altered by invading materials that there is little or no trace of what the original rock might have been. It is possible to find a whole series of rocks grading from normal sedimentary kinds through schist and gneisses, which show an increasing amount of mica and feldspar, into crystalline rocks, which clearly look like granite.

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XIV. Professional translation.

Общая характеристика и основные факторы метаморфизма.

Метаморфизм – преобразование горных пород под действием эндогенных процессов, вызывающих изменение физико-химических условий в земной коре. Преобразованию могут подвергаться любые горные породы – осадочные, магматические и ранее образовавшиеся метаморфические.

Метаморфизм представляет собой сложное физико-химическое явление, обусловленное комплексным воздействием температуры, давления и химических веществ.

Температура – важнейший фактор метаморфизма, влияющий на процессы минералообразования и определяющий формирование тех или иных минеральных ассоциаций. При повышении температуры резко увеличивается скорость химических реакций и возрастает процесс перекристаллизации. Перекристаллизация в условиях роста температур приводит к плавлению более крупнозернистых структур.

Давление – второй фактор метаморфизма. Различают воздействие геостатического давления, которое создаётся массой вышележащих толщ пород, и направленного давления (стресса), вызываемого тектоническими движениями. В условиях геостетического давления формируются породы с однородной массивной структурой. В условиях направленного давления формируются так называемые сланцевые текстуры, характерные для обширной группы метаморфических пород – сланцев.

Химически активные вещества – Третий и самый главный фактор метаморфизма. К ним относятся вода и углекислота, а так же водород – газ обладающий высокой теплопроводностью и диффузионной способностью. В виде растворов сложного состава эти вещества мигрируют через горные породы, оказывая на них метаморфизуюшее воздействие.

UNIT VII

I. Vocabulary

a) Translate the international words into Russian.

Material, portion, destructive effect, atmosphere, lithosphere, mechanical, chemical, abrasive, distance, temperature, action, corrosion.

b) Learn the vocabulary.

1.bulk-объём

2.to crumble-крошиться

3.considerable-значительный

4.to decay-распадаться, разлагаться

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5.density-плотность

6.to expand-расширяться

7.fine-grained-мелко-зернистый

8.gradually-постепенно

9.to influence-влиять, воздействовать 10.to joint-соединять, составлять вместе

11.pure-чистый

12.to polish-полировать

13.to relateотноситься, быть связанным

14.resistant-прочный

15.to subject to-подвергать(влиянию, воздействию)

16.to shatter-разрушать

17.weathering-выветривание, эрозия

c) Translate the following word combinations into Russian. Give the definition of them in English.

destructive effect vegetable cover

to wear away the soil

to smash to smithereens rock masses wind-carried-sand

II. Translate the sentences. Put questions to the words in italics.

1.Under the action of the weather and other agencies, rocks crumble or decay in the course of time.

2.The destructive effect of the atmosphere on the lithosphere is called weathering.

3.The absence of a vegetable cover allows the rain to wear away the soil.

4.Water reaches its maximum density as a liquid at 4 degrees C.

5.At lower temperatures, water gradually expands.

6.Wind-carried-sand serves as an effective abrasive for the polishing of rock surfaces.

7.The agents of weathering are rain, frost, wind.

8.Water is a powerful agent in shattering rock masses.

9.All the materials of the outer portion of the earth are subjected to change.

10.The destructive effect of rain is both mechanical and chemical.

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III. Read and translate the text.

Rock Weathering

All the materials of the outer or crustal portion of the earth are subjected to change. Under the action of the weather and other more or less closely related agencies, even the hardest and most resistant rocks crumble or decay in the course of time. The destructive effect of the atmosphere on the lithosphere is called weathering.

The agents of weathering

are:

1. Rain. The destructive effect of rain is both mechanical and chemical, but mainly chemical; and is strongly influenced by

climate. The absence of vegetable cover allows the rain to wear away the soil.

2.Frost. Water reaches its maximum density as a liquid at 4 degrees C. At lower temperatures, it gradually expands. At 0 degrees C, pure water becomes a solid and expands about one-eleventh of its bulk with great force. Water is a powerful agent in shattering rock masses especially when it freezes in cracks and joints in the rock.

3.Wind. Wind –carried-sand serves as an effective abrasive for the polishing of rock surfaces (corrosion). The principal effect of the wind is to transport unconsolidated fine-grained sediments over considerable distances (deflation).

IV. Give English equivalents.

1.прочная порода

2.внешняя часть земли

3.со временем ( в течение времени)

4.сильно влиять

5.растительный покров

6.под воздействием различных факторов

7.разрушительный эффект

8.постепенно расширяться

9.значительные расстояния

10.мелкозернистый осадок