foa_b_e_effektivnaya_terapiya_posttravmaticheskogo_stressovo
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травматический опыт, отягощенный преморбид, сопутствующие симптомы или хроническое ПТСР с преобладанием диссоциативных черт, не нуждаются в более длительном лечении. В определении длительности лечения следует использовать клиническую оценку целей и прогресса в терапии.
Показания и противопоказания
Показанием для терапевтических вмешательств, описанных выше, за исключением психологического дебрифинга, является присутствие симптомов ПТСР в сочетании с некоторым уровнем функциональных нарушений. Неясно, все ли дети с такими симптомами нуждаются в лечении, поскольку некоторые дети, по-видимому, восстанавливаются с течением времени без терапии. Однако, поскольку на данный момент не существует надежных способов предвидеть в каждом индивидуальном случае, какой ребенок будет иметь стойкие симптомы или у кого симптомы разовьются впоследствии, большинство экспертов, но не все, считают, что детям с симптомами, соответствующими критерию А, рекомендована терапия.
Противопоказания специфичны по отношению к выбираемым терапевтическим модальностям. Например, когнитивная психотерапия едва ли будет эффективна для детей с сильной задержкой в развитии; клонидин противопоказан для детей с высоким риском побочных эффектов как по медицинским (например, сердечные нарушения), так и по немедицинским (например, обезвоживание у спортсменов) показаниям. Что касается ПТСР, то сопутствующие диагнозы могут быть первичной проблемой — определяющей высокий уровень присутствующих функциональных нарушений — и, как результат, они должны быть подвергнуты лечению прежде, чем начнется терапия, направленная на ПТСР. Например, к детям с сопутствующей депрессией и риском суицида не должны применяться фокусированные на травме техники прямого обсуждения до тех пор, пока депрессивная симптоматика не будет уменьшена либо психотерапией, либо ингибиторами обратного захвата серотонина, либо и тем, и другим одновременно. Аналогично дети с наркотическими, алкогольными и химическими зависимостями должны подвергаться лечению от депрессивных симптомов прежде, чем к ним можно будет применить техники, центрированные на травме. Хотя и не без разногласий, но большинство экспертов считают, что дети, которые не рассказывают или не помнят о травматическом событии, даже если у них есть посттравматические симптомы, вероятно, не могут быть подвергнуты терапии, направленной на работу с предположительно произошедшим травматическим событием.
НАПРАВЛЕНИЯ БУДУЩИХ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ
Существует несколько важных областей для будущих исследований оптимального лечения ПТСР и симптомов ПТСР у детей. Одна область касается природы и способов оценки ПТСР у детей
(American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 1998; March, 1999). В настоящее время не существует эффективного способа определения наличия или отсутствия ПТСР у детей. Существующие методы оценки первоначально создавались для исследовательских целей и не могут быть легко включены в клиническую работу. Кроме того, существует вопрос о диагнозе ПТСР, а также, должны ли последующие модификации критериев DSM-IV отражать аспект психологии развития в характере посттравматических нарушений, особенно у маленьких детей. Еще не достигнут консенсус относительно уровня и тяжести симптомов ПТСР, которые являются клинически значимыми или требуют терапевтического вмешательства.
Большинство исследований результатов терапевтического лечения сфокусировано на бихевиоральных техниках. В целом результаты согласуются с опубликованными наблюдениями эффективности лечения в том, что когни-тивно-бихевиоральные терапевтические вмешательства являются эффективными. Еще должно быть установлено, являются ли специфические компоненты этого подхода именно теми активными воздействующими факторами, которые ослабляют ПТСР, и являются ли различные компоненты более эффективными для определенных паттернов симптомов или для детей на определенной стадии развития. Исследования, которые анализируют и сравнивают различные терапевтические элементы по отношению к возрасту и симптомам, будут особенно полезны для разработки оптимальных терапевтических режимов.
Особенно желательно провести испытания различных лекарственных препаратов изолированно от использования других форм лечения или в комбинации для того, чтобы сравнить риск и пользу от психотропных препаратов для лечения детей и подростков.
Поскольку продемонстрировано, что исследования эффективности терапии возможны для этой группы пациентов, то исследования внутри различных групп должны продвигаться к большей методологической строгости, как это происходит в исследованиях тревожных расстройств у детей (Chorpita et al., 1998). Более того, необходимо провести значительное количество разносторонних исследований для выяснения потенциальных модераторов и медиаторов эффективности психотерапии (March, Curry, 1998).
Определение эффективного воздействия в контролируемых исследованиях является только одним шагом на пути повышения эффективности Психотерапии детей, страдающих ПТСР и симптомами ПТСР. Необходимо,
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чтобы психотерапевтические техники, эффективность которых доказана были перенесены из лаборатории в клинику (Kendall, Southam-Gerow, 1995) Необходимо также создать поле исследований, которые смогут оценить как психотерапевтические подходы работают в более обычных условиях по сравнению с условиями жизни детей и семей, которые находятся в сложных обстоятельствах, и уделить внимание сравнению эффективности различных психотерапевтических подходов.
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