- •Phonetics as a Branch of Linguistics Four Branches of Phonetics
- •Daughter - d:tə
- •The plural suffix
- •Leaf – leaves
- •Branches of Phonetics
- •Modern functional Phonetics
- •Occlusive (смычный)
- •Occlusive
- •Ship – sheep
- •[Ph] – aspirated
- •National varieties of the English language
- •Often – [fən] and [ftən]
- •Liverpool accent has a great popularity now (because of association with the Beatles)
- •Cockney accent (uneducated English people accent)
- •Standard Scottish pronunciation
- •Initial [p,t,k] are usually non-aspirated]
- •American English Pronunciation
- •The peculiarities:
- •Intervocalic [t] consonant is most normally may be voiced. The result is neutralization of the distinction between voiceless [t] and voiced [d]
- •In some words [t] may be omit (dropped out)
- •In ga [] is used in most words in which the letter “a” is followed by a consonant except “r” (in rp [α:] is used)
- •In the words “long” and “strong” [] is labialized.
- •In words of French origin ga tends to have stress on the final syllable
- •Intonation differences:
- •Modifications of sounds in connected speech
- •Vowel reduction
- •Locked – [lokt]
- •Sandwich – [snwit]
- •Last time – [lα:stαim]
- •He [hi: - hi -hı] (I know that he will do it)
- •Too [tu:], [t] is a bit labialized
- •Вздрогнуть, вскрикнуть, кстати
- •Extra – ['ekstr] – 2 syllables
- •Standing – ['stndi] – 2 syllables
- •Science – ['sai-ns], flower – [fla-]
- •Come – 1 syllable, family – 3 syllables, unintelligibility – 8 syllables Functional characteristics of a syllable
- •A name – an aim
- •Police, machine, garage
- •Open the books on page 14/ 40
- •HOspitable-hospItable (both correct)
- •Industry-indUstry
- •'Молодец - моло'дец
- •It’s summer
- •I don’t know high pre-head
- •I saw my friend yesterday.
- •Good evening – greeting (low fall) Good evening – saying “goodbye” (low rise)
- •Ex: ΄How ΄do you ΄think we ΄ought to start?
- •Ex: ΄How do you think we ought to start?
- •Ex: I don’t know what to-o-o say.
- •Phonostylistics
- •Ex: Dr.Jonson talks like a doctor → he is likely to be at hospital; at home – husband
- •Ex: Old people speak and are spoken to in a different way with young people. Elderly female – high pitch voice. We generally use higher pitch when talk to children.
- •Verbal “fillers”
- •Introductory fillers
- •Introductory fillers
- •I think | this is a grow intendancy among the teenagers.
- •I would agree with you | except for one thing
- •I have an impression | that there are some people who will approve it differently
- •It undoubtedly | -er- presents –er- a huge problem.
- •I think, I guess, perhaps, obviously, clearly
- •I think it’s true to say that …
- •Come and see me tomorrow. Read and retell text 5.
- •They painted the table pale grey Come and see me tomorrow That’s the very man who had a felt hat on
- •Read text sixteen
- •Угол – уголь
- •Methods of phonological analyses
Modifications of sounds in connected speech
Assimilation
Elision
Vowel reduction
Accommodation
As it is known the complete articulation of a speech sound when said in isolation consists of three stages:
On-glide, during which the articulating organs move to the position necessary for the articulation of a sound.
Holed stage, during which the articulating organs are kept in the position for a certain period of time.
Off-glide, during which the articulating organs return to the position of rest.
Actually, speech sounds are seldom said by themselves, they are used in combination with other sounds in connected speech. Speech sounds influence each other in the flow speech (поток речи), normally in the process of speech the articulatory organs are moving continuously and the sounds merge into one another. Often these 3 stages of articulation are not preserved (не сохраняются). The off-glide of the preceding sounds serves as the on-glide of the following sound.
Locked – [lokt]
The 3d stage of the consonant [k] merges into the 1st stage of [t] sound. So the consonant [k] has the 1st and the 2nd stages, while the consonant [t] has only the 2st and the 3nd stages.
So, in connected speech the sounds are subjected (подвергаются) to 2 main types of influence line – the reciprocal influence of neighbouring sounds and the influence by larger speech units and their elements.
Thus the 1st group of processes is called the combinative changes, the 2nd group – the positional changes. As a result of mutual interaction in connected speech there are a number of phonetic processes such as: assimilation, elision, vowel reduction and accommodation.
Assimilation is a process of alteration of speech sounds as a result of which one of the sounds becomes fully or partially similar to the adjoining sounds. By the way assimilation exists in every language. There are several types of assimilation. They can be distinguished according to:
Direction
The influence of the neighbouring sounds in English can act in a regressive and reciprocal direction. When some articulatory features of the following sound are changed under the influence of the preceding sound, which remains unchanged. Assimilation is called progressive.
The pronunciation of the plural suffix “s” depends on the quality of the preceding consonant [z], [s], [iz]
Dog – dogs
Within the words “sandwich”, “grandmother” under the influence of [n] sound the consonant [d] changes into [n] and then disappears
Sandwich – [snwit]
Grandmother – [grnm]
But when the following sound influences the articulation of the preceding one assimilation is called regressive.
At them – [t em]
The alveolar [n] and [t] become dental before the interdental [], []. [t] undergoes regressive assimilation to [n] which follows it.
On the table
This type of assimilation is common in Russian, too.
абсолютно
в кино
субпродукт
Reciprocal assimilation means complex mutual influence of the adjoining sound.
Tree
The sonorant [r] is partially devoiced under the influence of the voiceless [t]. And the alveolar [t] becomes past-alveolar before [r].
Try
Tram
Trace
Degree of completeness
According to its degree assimilation can be complete and incomplete (partial). Assimilation is called complete if two adjoining sounds become alike or merge into one. It always takes place when two sounds differ only in one articulatory feature. We find cases of complete assimilation within words and at the word junction but in fluent speech.
Cupboard – [kbd]
Horseshoe – [h:su:]
Less shy
By the way complete assimilation is also found in Russian.
Отделать
Отдать
Сжать
Без сил
Брат друга
Assimilation is called incomplete when the likeness of the adjoining sounds is partial as the assimilated sound remains its major articulatory features.
[w,v,l] are partly devoiced when precedes by the voiceless [p,t,k,s,f,]
Sweet – [swi:t]
Place – [pleis]
Try – [trαi]
Degree of stability
Many assimilatory phenomena of older stages in the development of language have become obligatory. Such changes which have taken place over a period of times within words are called historical.
Orchard (фруктовый сад) – [:td]
Originally it was pronounced [:djd]
Besides there are a lot of widely spread non-obligatory uses of assimilation, which can be traced mainly at word boundaries.
Ten minutes – [tem minits]
Light coat – [lαik kt]
Has she – [he i]
Didn’t you
Could you
Non-obligatory assimilation are characteristic of fluent spontaneous informal or careless speech and surely should be avoided by teachers.
Elision – loss of a sound. Reduction of some consonant clusters was established long ago.
The initial (начальная) [w,k,g] may be dropped
Write
Know
Gnat
Knit
The medial sounds are dropped [t,d] in a cluster of three consonants
Listen – [lisn]
Often – [fn]
Wednesday
The final [b] is dropped in the cluster [mb]
Lamb – [lm]
Dump – [dm]
In the present day English the reduction of clusters continuous to take place.