- •Phonetics as a Branch of Linguistics Four Branches of Phonetics
- •Daughter - d:tə
- •The plural suffix
- •Leaf – leaves
- •Branches of Phonetics
- •Modern functional Phonetics
- •Occlusive (смычный)
- •Occlusive
- •Ship – sheep
- •[Ph] – aspirated
- •National varieties of the English language
- •Often – [fən] and [ftən]
- •Liverpool accent has a great popularity now (because of association with the Beatles)
- •Cockney accent (uneducated English people accent)
- •Standard Scottish pronunciation
- •Initial [p,t,k] are usually non-aspirated]
- •American English Pronunciation
- •The peculiarities:
- •Intervocalic [t] consonant is most normally may be voiced. The result is neutralization of the distinction between voiceless [t] and voiced [d]
- •In some words [t] may be omit (dropped out)
- •In ga [] is used in most words in which the letter “a” is followed by a consonant except “r” (in rp [α:] is used)
- •In the words “long” and “strong” [] is labialized.
- •In words of French origin ga tends to have stress on the final syllable
- •Intonation differences:
- •Modifications of sounds in connected speech
- •Vowel reduction
- •Locked – [lokt]
- •Sandwich – [snwit]
- •Last time – [lα:stαim]
- •He [hi: - hi -hı] (I know that he will do it)
- •Too [tu:], [t] is a bit labialized
- •Вздрогнуть, вскрикнуть, кстати
- •Extra – ['ekstr] – 2 syllables
- •Standing – ['stndi] – 2 syllables
- •Science – ['sai-ns], flower – [fla-]
- •Come – 1 syllable, family – 3 syllables, unintelligibility – 8 syllables Functional characteristics of a syllable
- •A name – an aim
- •Police, machine, garage
- •Open the books on page 14/ 40
- •HOspitable-hospItable (both correct)
- •Industry-indUstry
- •'Молодец - моло'дец
- •It’s summer
- •I don’t know high pre-head
- •I saw my friend yesterday.
- •Good evening – greeting (low fall) Good evening – saying “goodbye” (low rise)
- •Ex: ΄How ΄do you ΄think we ΄ought to start?
- •Ex: ΄How do you think we ought to start?
- •Ex: I don’t know what to-o-o say.
- •Phonostylistics
- •Ex: Dr.Jonson talks like a doctor → he is likely to be at hospital; at home – husband
- •Ex: Old people speak and are spoken to in a different way with young people. Elderly female – high pitch voice. We generally use higher pitch when talk to children.
- •Verbal “fillers”
- •Introductory fillers
- •Introductory fillers
- •I think | this is a grow intendancy among the teenagers.
- •I would agree with you | except for one thing
- •I have an impression | that there are some people who will approve it differently
- •It undoubtedly | -er- presents –er- a huge problem.
- •I think, I guess, perhaps, obviously, clearly
- •I think it’s true to say that …
- •Come and see me tomorrow. Read and retell text 5.
- •They painted the table pale grey Come and see me tomorrow That’s the very man who had a felt hat on
- •Read text sixteen
- •Угол – уголь
- •Methods of phonological analyses
Branches of Phonetics
Phonetics has 4 following branches:
Articulatory
Acoustic
Auditory
Functional (linguistic)
Articulatory Phonetics studies speech sounds from the point of view of the articulation and in connections with the organs of speech by which they have produced.
The branch of Phonetics that studies acoustic effects produced by the organs of speech is called Acoustic Phonetics.
Both of them use special methods of research work. There are two groups of methods:
Methods of direct observation
Instrumental methods
Methods of direct observation are applied without special instruments for analyses. In this case an investigator analyses his own speech or the speech of the informant (native speaker).
Instrumental methods were introduced in Phonetics in the second part of the 19th century. In this case, certain technique and devises are applied. When analyses segmental uses: hand mirror, laryngoscope, photographs, X-ray photographs, gramophone records and the latest technology. If you want to investigate Supersegmental Phonetics you need an intonograph.
Articulatory Phonetics is one of the oldest branches of Phonetics. Articulator research of speech sounds is conducted on the basis of physiology. Talking about physiological system we can distinguish 4 mechanisms:
Power mechanism (силовой)
Vibration mechanism
Resonant mechanism (резонаторный)
Obstructer mechanism (образования преграды)
The function of the power mechanism is to supply force necessary of the production of speech (breathing mechanism). The function of the vibration mechanism is to generate (порождать) sounds. The function of the resonant mechanism is to modify tones and overtones (обертоны). The function of the obstructer mechanism is to form obstructions to the stream of air.
“Articulatory basis” (артикуляционная база) was introduced by the Russian linguist – a set of pronunciation tendencies characterizing speech gestures (работа органов речи) with a special reference to members of a given language community.
Auditory Phonetics is concerned with auditory impressions made by Phonetics’ segments. The method used in Auditory Phonetics is called the listener’s test (аудиторский анализ).
Functional Phonetics or Phonology is concerned with the meaningful value of articulatory, acoustics and auditory features. Phonetics is older than Phonology (1850th). The foundation of Phonology was laid down by Иван Алексеевич Бодуен де Куртене.
Nowadays Phonetics is sharply divided into Phonetics and Phonology. They are closely related and independent. They are two different sizes of the same coin. The central category of Phonology is phoneme. A sound and a phoneme are also two different sizes of the same coin.
Phoneme – is the smallest, further indivisible (более неделимая) language unit that exists in the speech of all the members of the given language community as such speech sounds which are capable of distinguishing one word from another one or one grammar form of a word from another one of the same word. (профессор Васильев). Phoneme – a minimum linguistic unit realized in speech in the form of speech sounds.
3 aspects of the Phoneme:
Material (real and objective)
Abstractional and generalize
Functional
Лекция 2
principal – главный
subsidiary – вспомогательный
environment – окружение
to affect – влиять
distinctive features – отличительные черты
relevant – значимые, важные, релевантные
irrelevant – не относящиеся к делу, нерелевантные
to treat – толковать, трактовать
scholar – учёный