Курс лекций
.pdfAB
|
|
|
|
|
F Tran |
sf |
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|
D |
|
|
|
|
|||
|
|
Y |
P |
|
|
|
|
or |
e |
||
B |
Y |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
m |
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
buy |
|
r |
|||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3 |
|||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
to |
|
|
|
. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
here |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Click |
|
|
|
|
|
||
w |
|
|
|
|
|
m |
|||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||
|
|
w |
|
|
|
|
|
o |
1 |
||
|
|
|
|
w. . |
|
||||||
|
|
|
|
|
A BBYY |
c |
|
||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1
: , .
AB
|
|
|
|
|
F Tran |
sf |
|
|||
|
|
|
|
D |
|
|
|
|||
|
|
Y |
P |
|
|
|
|
or |
e |
|
B |
Y |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
m |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
buy |
r |
|||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3 |
|||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
to |
|
|
. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
here |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Click |
|
|
|
|
||
w |
|
|
|
|
|
m |
||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
|
|
w |
w. |
|
|
|
|
o |
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
. |
|
||
|
|
|
|
|
A B BYY |
c |
|
|||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
– ,
( ) . -
.
– , -
, -
.
, – , –
, , , –
. 25 1 -
: , ,
5–8 . – 12 000
.
( ) , . .
, , ( ), ( -
), , ( ).
.
( ), (
) , -
( ) -
.
-
:
1), ( ) -
;
2);
3)( );
4), , –
( );
5), ,
( );
6), -
, – -
;
7).
: ) -
( -
) ) ( -
). -
( -
), -
AB
|
|
|
F Tran |
sf |
|
|
|
|
|
F Tran |
sf |
|
||||
|
|
|
D |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
D |
|
|
|
||
|
|
Y |
P |
|
|
or |
e |
|
|
|
Y |
P |
|
|
or |
e |
B |
Y |
|
|
|
|
m |
|
B |
Y |
|
|
|
|
m |
||
|
|
|
|
buy |
r |
B |
|
|
|
|
buy |
r |
||||
|
|
|
|
|
3 |
|
|
|
|
|
3 |
|||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|||
|
|
|
|
|
to |
|
. |
A |
|
|
|
|
|
to |
|
. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
|
|
|
|
here |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
here |
|
|
||
|
|
|
Click |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Click |
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
w w
w
.
A
B
|
|
|
m |
w |
|
|
|
. |
o |
, . |
w |
w. |
|
||
BYY |
c |
|
|
|
|
A |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
:
,
( ),
( ) ( ),
( ),
,
, ( , ) . .
( , -
. .) ( ) .
, -
, ,
-
-
. :
, , ,
, -
, ,
.
,
( ), .
, -
,
. -
.
, ,
, , -
,
( ), -
( ), ,
.
-
, -
, , -, . . :
;
, -
, – ,
, , , -
B
|
m |
o |
|
.c |
|
BYY |
|
,
AB
|
|
|
F Tran |
sf |
|
|
|
|
|
F Tran |
sf |
|
||||
|
|
|
D |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
D |
|
|
|
||
|
|
Y |
P |
|
|
or |
e |
|
|
|
Y |
P |
|
|
or |
e |
B |
Y |
|
|
|
|
m |
|
B |
Y |
|
|
|
|
m |
||
|
|
|
|
buy |
r |
B |
|
|
|
|
buy |
r |
||||
|
|
|
|
|
3 |
|
|
|
|
|
3 |
|||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|||
|
|
|
|
|
to |
|
. |
A |
|
|
|
|
|
to |
|
. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
|
|
|
|
here |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
here |
|
|
||
|
|
|
Click |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Click |
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
w w
w
.
A
B
|
|
|
m |
|
w |
|
|
|
. |
o |
|
|
w |
w. |
|
||
|
c |
|
|
|
||||
BYY |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A |
|
|
|
|
|
); |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
|||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|
|
. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
, |
|||
|
|
|
|
. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
, |
|
||
|
|
|
|
. – - |
B
|
m |
o |
|
.c |
|
BYY |
|
, ( ,
, , , .) –
.
-
,
.
.
-
– , . -
: ,
, , , . ( . . 1.2).
-
, , , ,
-
; – , -
, , , . .
1.1.
, . .
, VII . . . – 600 .. 500 .
XIX .
.
.
.
XII . ( -
; « », « »).
« » 1863 .
. .
-
, 1887 . -
, .
AB
|
|
|
F Tran |
sf |
|
|
|
|
|
F Tran |
sf |
|
||||
|
|
|
D |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
D |
|
|
|
||
|
|
Y |
P |
|
|
or |
e |
|
|
|
Y |
P |
|
|
or |
e |
B |
Y |
|
|
|
|
m |
|
B |
Y |
|
|
|
|
m |
||
|
|
|
|
buy |
r |
B |
|
|
|
|
buy |
r |
||||
|
|
|
|
|
3 |
|
|
|
|
|
3 |
|||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|||
|
|
|
|
|
to |
|
. |
A |
|
|
|
|
|
to |
|
. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
|
|
|
|
here |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
here |
|
|
||
|
|
|
Click |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Click |
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
w w
w
.
A
B
|
|
|
m |
|
w |
|
|
|
. |
o |
|
|
w |
w. |
|
||
|
c |
|
|
1899 . . 1914 . - |
||||
BYY |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A |
|
|
|
|
, - |
||||
|
|
|
|
, . |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
, |
|||
|
|
|
|
XI . |
||||
|
|
|
|
. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
30XVIII - |
|||
|
|
|
|
, , . |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|
XIX . . |
||||
|
|
|
|
, |
||||
|
|
|
|
X . |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1864 |
|||
|
|
|
|
. – |
||||
|
|
|
|
, . . . |
||||
|
|
|
|
. . |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- |
|||
|
|
|
|
1871 ., – 1893 . - |
||||
|
|
|
|
, |
- |
, , ,
. « »
, -
.
-
.
-
, – -
( ) – -
.
1901 . -
.
.
1911 .
. . 1911–1920 .
35 .
, -
(1918 .) -
. -
. .
1923 . . .
. 1924 .
. 1940 . -
. . ,
.
B
|
m |
o |
|
.c |
|
BYY |
|
AB
|
|
|
F Tran |
sf |
|
|
|
|
|
F Tran |
sf |
|
||||
|
|
|
D |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
D |
|
|
|
||
|
|
Y |
P |
|
|
or |
e |
|
|
|
Y |
P |
|
|
or |
e |
B |
Y |
|
|
|
|
m |
|
B |
Y |
|
|
|
|
m |
||
|
|
|
|
buy |
r |
B |
|
|
|
|
buy |
r |
||||
|
|
|
|
|
3 |
|
|
|
|
|
3 |
|||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|||
|
|
|
|
|
to |
|
. |
A |
|
|
|
|
|
to |
|
. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
|
|
|
|
here |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
here |
|
|
||
|
|
|
Click |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Click |
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
w w
w
.
A
B
|
|
|
m |
|
w |
|
|
|
. |
o |
|
|
w |
w. |
|
||
|
c |
|
|
1937 . . . , . . - |
||||
BYY |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A |
|
|
|
|
|
||||
|
|
|
|
. 1940 . - |
||||
|
|
|
|
. |
||||
|
|
|
|
. |
||||
|
|
|
|
: - |
||||
|
|
|
|
, , - |
||||
|
|
|
|
: , - |
||||
|
|
|
|
, |
||||
|
|
|
|
. . . |
||||
|
|
|
|
|
||||
|
|
|
|
. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|
( , , .), |
||||
|
|
|
|
- |
||||
|
|
|
|
. , - |
||||
|
|
|
|
500 200 , - |
||||
|
|
|
|
1000 2500–3000 . |
||||
|
|
|
|
- |
||||
|
|
|
|
, |
||||
|
|
|
|
. |
|
|
||
|
|
|
|
|
, |
|||
|
|
|
|
. |
||||
|
|
|
|
|
||||
|
|
|
|
, , |
||||
|
|
|
|
. , , |
||||
|
|
|
|
, - |
||||
|
|
|
|
, |
|
|||
|
|
|
|
- |
||||
|
|
|
|
. |
|
|
|
B
|
m |
o |
|
.c |
|
BYY |
|
( . 1.1):
. , , ,
;
. , ,
.
1.2.1.: ,
, ,
, , -
( ), :
AB
|
|
|
|
|
F Tran |
sf |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
F Tran |
sf |
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
|
D |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
D |
|
|
|
|
||||||
|
|
Y |
P |
|
|
|
|
or |
e |
|
|
|
Y |
P |
|
|
|
|
or |
e |
||||
B |
Y |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
m |
|
B |
Y |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
m |
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
buy |
r |
B |
|
|
|
|
|
|
buy |
r |
||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3 |
|||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
to |
|
|
|
. |
A |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
to |
|
|
|
. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
here |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
here |
|
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
|
Click |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Click |
|
|
|
|
|
||||
w |
|
|
|
|
|
|
m |
|
w |
|
|
|
|
|
|
m |
||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||
|
|
w |
w. . |
o |
|
|
|
w |
w. . |
o |
||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
c |
|
. . – , |
|
|
|
c |
|
||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
A BBYY |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A B BYY |
|
|
|
, , -
, ( ) . -
( , -
, ).
. . – , -
: -
, ( ) .
( ,
) . -
. , .
. . – , -
(5000 )
.
. . – ,
-
( )
( ) -
.
. . – ,
.
, ,
.
. . – ,
.
. . – , ,
. -
, , -
.
, , -
, :
. . – , -
-
.
. . – , -
( ) , , ,
( , ,
, ; , -
, ; ,
, , , ,
. .).
. . – , -
AB
|
|
|
F Tran |
sf |
|
|
|
|
|
F Tran |
sf |
|
||||
|
|
|
D |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
D |
|
|
|
||
|
|
Y |
P |
|
|
or |
e |
|
|
|
Y |
P |
|
|
or |
e |
B |
Y |
|
|
|
|
m |
|
B |
Y |
|
|
|
|
m |
||
|
|
|
|
buy |
r |
B |
|
|
|
|
buy |
r |
||||
|
|
|
|
|
3 |
|
|
|
|
|
3 |
|||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|||
|
|
|
|
|
to |
|
. |
A |
|
|
|
|
|
to |
|
. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
|
|
|
|
here |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
here |
|
|
||
|
|
|
Click |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Click |
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
w w
w
.
A
B
|
|
|
m |
w |
|
|
|
. |
o |
|
w |
w. |
|
||
|
c |
|
, , .) - |
||||
BYY |
|
|
|
|
|
|
A |
|
|
|
|
. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
. . – - |
|||
|
|
|
|
( , |
|
||
|
|
|
|
, - |
|||
|
|
|
|
.) - |
|||
|
|
|
|
. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
. . – - |
|||
|
|
|
|
, - |
|||
|
|
|
|
( , |
|||
|
|
|
|
, , |
B
|
m |
o |
|
.c |
|
BYY |
|
-
. .).
, -
, , .
-
( . . 1.1):
.1. , , -
, :
.1.1. , ,
, -
.2.1.
.1.2. , ,
, :
( , .),
( , , .), ( -
, , .) .
.1.3. , ,
, ( ), -
( ).
.1.4. , ,
,
, . .).
.2. , , :.2.1. .
.2.2. .
.2.3. ..2.4. .
.3. , , .
AB
|
|
|
|
|
F Tran |
sf |
|
|||
|
|
|
|
D |
|
|
|
|||
|
|
Y |
P |
|
|
|
|
or |
e |
|
B |
Y |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
m |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
buy |
r |
|||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3 |
|||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
to |
|
|
. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
here |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Click |
|
|
|
|
||
w |
|
|
|
|
|
m |
||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
|
|
w |
w. |
|
|
|
|
o |
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
. |
|
||
|
|
|
|
|
A BBYY |
c |
|
|||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1.2.2.: ,
,
AB
|
|
|
|
|
F Tran |
sf |
|
|||
|
|
|
|
D |
|
|
|
|||
|
|
Y |
P |
|
|
|
|
or |
e |
|
B |
Y |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
m |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
buy |
r |
|||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3 |
|||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
to |
|
|
. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
here |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Click |
|
|
|
|
||
w |
|
|
|
|
|
m |
||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
|
|
w |
w. |
|
|
|
|
o |
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
. |
|
||
|
|
|
|
|
A B BYY |
c |
|
|||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
, , -
, :
.1. – ,
( , , )
,
,
-
.
( , ,
, . .) -
.
:
.1 . – -
(
, , ,
, . .);.1 . – -
. -
-
( .1 .1);
.1 . –
, ,
;.1 . – -
, -
;.1 . – , -
, ,
.
.2. – , -
( )
, -
, ( -) , , -
. .).
.3. – , : .3.1 – -
( , .);.3.2 – ( , . .), .3.3 –
( , , -
,
AB
|
|
|
F Tran |
sf |
|
|
|
|
|
F Tran |
sf |
|
||||
|
|
|
D |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
D |
|
|
|
||
|
|
Y |
P |
|
|
or |
e |
|
|
|
Y |
P |
|
|
or |
e |
B |
Y |
|
|
|
|
m |
|
B |
Y |
|
|
|
|
m |
||
|
|
|
|
buy |
r |
B |
|
|
|
|
buy |
r |
||||
|
|
|
|
|
3 |
|
|
|
|
|
3 |
|||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|||
|
|
|
|
|
to |
|
. |
A |
|
|
|
|
|
to |
|
. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
|
|
|
|
here |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
here |
|
|
||
|
|
|
Click |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Click |
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
w w
w
.
A
B
|
|
|
m |
w |
|
|
|
. |
o |
|
w |
w. |
|
||
|
c |
|
, , - |
||||
BYY |
|
|
|
|
|
|
A |
.).
,
( .3.1), :
.3.1 . – ( ) , -
, -
;.3.1 . – :
.3.1. .1) – , -
, (
);
.3.1. .2) – , -
;
.3.1. .3) – -
( -) , , -
; , -
( -
) ( -
);
- - .3.1. .4) – , ,
;
.3.1. .5) – , -
,
;
( , , )
.3.1. .6) – , ,
, ;
.3.1. .7) – ( ) -
;
.3.1. .8) – -
( - ) .;
.3.1. .9) – , -
, -
;
.3.1. .10) – , -
;
.3.1. .11) – -
.
-
. -
. -
-
B
|
m |
o |
|
.c |
|
BYY |
|
AB
|
|
|
F Tran |
sf |
|
|
|
|
|
F Tran |
sf |
|
||||
|
|
|
D |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
D |
|
|
|
||
|
|
Y |
P |
|
|
or |
e |
|
|
|
Y |
P |
|
|
or |
e |
B |
Y |
|
|
|
|
m |
|
B |
Y |
|
|
|
|
m |
||
|
|
|
|
buy |
r |
B |
|
|
|
|
buy |
r |
||||
|
|
|
|
|
3 |
|
|
|
|
|
3 |
|||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|||
|
|
|
|
|
to |
|
. |
A |
|
|
|
|
|
to |
|
. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
|
|
|
|
here |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
here |
|
|
||
|
|
|
Click |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Click |
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
w w
w
.
A
B
|
|
|
m |
w |
|
|
|
. |
o |
|
w |
w. |
|
||
|
c |
|
, - |
||||
BYY |
|
|
|
|
|
|
A |
|
|
|
|
( , ). |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.3.1 . |
– - |
||
|
|
|
|
- |
, ,
. -
75 5 . -
B
|
m |
o |
|
.c |
|
BYY |
|
( . ).
, -
( .3.2),
:
.3.2 . –
( ,
, « -
»);
.3.2 . – , , – -
(« »),
;.3.2 . – -
, , -
( )
) , ( -
) .
, -
, -
( .3.3), , -
, . -
, ,
, - .,
;.4. – ( ,
) -
, , -
( ,
, ).
, -
, ( -
, . .).
. – . ( , , ,
) ,