Systemic organization of language.

1. Subject of theoretical grammar.

Grammar may be practical and theoretical. The aim of practical grammar is the description of grammar rules that are necessary to understand and formulate sentences. The aim of theoretical grammar is to offer explanation for these rules. Generally speaking, theoretical grammar deals with the language as a functional system.

2, 4 Grammatical stucture of the english language.

According to their grammatical structure languages can be synthetic (1 ) and analytical ( 2 ).

In 1 – the grammatical relations between words are expressed by means of the –i-, -n-, -f-, -t-.

In 2 - the grammatical relations between words are expressed by means of the form words and word order. 2 forms are mostly proper to verbs. Its form word has no lexical meaning and expresses different grammatical categories: mood, person, tense, voice, and a notional word ( infinitive or a participle). The 2 forms are:

tense and aspect of the verb forms ( continuous, perfect, all future forms ).

The passive voice.

Subjunctive mood.

However there are some synthetic features in English:

endings -s- in 3^rd person sing. In the Present Simple.

endings –s in plural of nouns.

endings –‘s in genitive case.

endings – ed in the Past Simple.

Inner flexions – woman – women, man – men, speak – spoke.

The synthetic form of the subjunctive mood

3. Morphology and syntax as two main parts of grammar.

Syntax, originating from the Greek words συν (syn, meaning "co-" or "together") and τάξις (táxis, meaning "sequence, order, arrangement"), can in linguistics be described as the study of the rules, or "patterned relations" that govern the way the words in a sentence come together. Syntax attempts to systematize descriptive grammar, and is unconcerned with prescriptive grammar (see Prescription and description).

There exist innumerable theories of formal syntax — theories that have in time risen or fallen in influence. Most theories of syntax at least share two commonalities: First, they hierarchically group subunits into constituent units (phrases). Second, they provide some system of rules to explain patterns of acceptability/grammaticality and unacceptability/ungrammaticality. Most formal theories of syntax offer explanations of the systematic relationships between syntactic form and semantic meaning. Syntactic category: is either a phrasal category, such as noun phrase or verb phrase, which can be decomposed into smaller syntactic categories, or a lexical category, such as noun or verb, which cannot be further decomposed. In terms of phrase structure rules, phrasal categories can occur to the left side of the arrow while lexical categories cannot. The lexical categories are traditionally called the parts of speech. They include nouns, verbs, adjectives, and so on. Morphology is a sub discipline of linguistics that studies word structure. While words are generally accepted as being the smallest units of syntax, it is clear that in most (if not all) languages, words can be related to other words by rules. Morphology is the branch of linguistics that studies such rules across and within languages