3. Answer the following questions;

1. How did the invention of the electronic devices influence the application of electrical energy?

2. What brunches of engineering began to develop?

3. Who developed the theory of radio- transmitting devices?

4. Who created the development of television?

Lesson 10

1. Read and translate the text: more about laboratories

The word laboratory is used to denote any room or building devoted to experimental investigation in techniques and sciences for the purpose of advancing man's knowledge of special applications of natural laws. The word laboratory is also used to denote the work-room of a chemist or a testing-room of an industry.

In earlier days people called the places devoted to chemical work simply a workshop and later they used these workshops for making drugs.

Among the greatest laboratories of the world may be noted the laboratory of the Royal Institution established in 1800 in Britain and devoted to the applied sciencies The laboratory soon became the seat of great activity in research in pure science conducted by such scientists as M. Faraday and J. Tyndall. The first physical laboratories founded for students appeared in 1846.

Nowadays laboratories are introduced into educational institutions to teach scientific and technical knowledge by means of experiments. Some laboratories have departments devoted to research in pure sciences and to the study of the application of science to industrial purposes.

VIII. Form words of opposite meaning by adding suffixes or prefixes to the following words.

Useful, convenient, practical, harmonious, important, attractive, comfortable.

IX. Translate the following phrases from the text.

experimental investigation; man's knowledge; natural law; testing-room; chemical work; work-room; by means of; nowadays; applied sciences; the seat of great activity.

X. Arrange the following words in pairs according to the similar meaning.

Eminent, complete, bad, use, receive, take part, supervise, number, full, motion, outstanding, achievements, help, poor, employ, connect, obtain, participate, developments, assist, associate, power, guide, quantity.

Lesson 11-12

1. Read and translate the text:

WHAT IS AUTOMATION?

Automation may be said to be a modem term signifying the use of machines to do work that formely had to be done by people. What used to be called automation.

The machine that automatically makes, inspects and packs 1,200 cigarettes a minute can do nothing else. It is a one-purpose machine as there are many of others.

But the digital computer seems to be versatile and can be used as the brains for automating a wide variety of work where figuring, remembering and making logical choices are required. The computer proves to be only a very high-speed adding and subtracting machine. It is unlikely to be the thinking machine as it is sometimes called. Everything it does other than adding and subtracting is the result of man's ingenuity .

The design of newer equipment with greater usefulness and capabilities is said to be bringing about an ever increasing growth in the development of control equipment. The reason is twofold. Firstly automatic controls relieve man of many monotonous activities so that he can devote his abilities to other occupation. Secondly modem complex controls can perform functions which are beyond the physical abilities of man. For example an elaborated automatic control system operates the engine of a modern jet airplane with only a minimum amount of the pilot's attention, so that he is free to fly his airplane.

Mention should be made that the design and development of automatic control systems is a principal concern of an engineer. In recent years we know automatic control systems to have been rapidly advancing in importance in all fields of engineering. The applications of control system are known to cover a very wide scope, ranging from the design of precision control devices such as sensitive instrument to the design of the equipment used for controlling the manufacture of steel or other industrial processes. New applications for arranging6 automatic controls are continually being discovered.