- •1. The Old Germanic language, their classification and principle features.
- •2. The origin of the English language.
- •3. The chronological division of the history of English.
- •5. The position of English and its role in the world.
- •6. The oe vowel system. Major changes during the period.
- •7. Word order
- •8. The Great Vowel Shift.(gvs)
- •9. Major consonant changes in the history of English.
- •10. I-mutation and its traces in modern English
- •11. Changes in the vocabulary system in me
- •12. The oe noun system and its further changes
- •13,14 The oe adjective and its further development in me. Degrees of comparison.
- •15. The oe personal pronouns
- •16. Changes in the vocabulary system in ne period
- •17. The oe verb, its grammatical & morphological categories
- •18. Strong V. In oe & their further development
- •19. Weak V. In oe & their further development
- •20. Preterite-present V. In oe & their further development
- •21. The rise of the perfect forms
- •22. The rise of the passive forms
- •23. The oe vocabulary & its etymological characteristics
- •24. Main types of word-formation in oe
- •25. French loans.
- •26. Scandinavian loans.
- •27. Latin loans.
- •28. Main peculiarities of oe poetry.
- •29. Grimm’s Law.
- •30. Verner’s law.
- •32. Chaucer and his “Canterbury Tales”
- •33. The rise of articles
- •35 The root-stem declension in oe
- •36.The rise of do-forms
- •37. The rise of the future forms.
- •38. Gram. Agreement and government.
- •39. The non-finite forms of the verb in oe and their further development.
- •40. Forms of negotiation in oe.
21. The rise of the perfect forms
OE didn’t possessed any full analytical forms→ certain free synthetic combinations began to approach analytical forms in their str-re. most of engl. Analytical forms of verbs came into use in the ME period – future, perfect.
& some as continious and dues forms emerged in NE period. The development of analytical forms is not peculiar only for English(can be observed in all the Ger. Languages where all analyt. Forms came into existence as a result of a very gradual development).In all analyt. Forms the 1st element was originally of high frequency & of broad semantic (auxiliary) – to be, to have.
Like other analytical forms of the V. the PERFECT forms have developed from OE verb phrases.
1)The main source of the Perf. form was the OE "possessive" construction, consisting of
the verb habban (NE have)+ a direct object + Part. II of· a transitive verb, which served as an attribute to the object,
e.g.: Ic habe Þone fisce gefangenne(I have this fish cought)
The participle, like other atributes, agreed with the noun-object in Number, Gender and Case.
Originally the verb habban was used only with participles of transitive verbs; then it came to be used with verbs taking genitival, datival and prepositional objects and even with intransitive verbs, which shows that it was developing into a kind of auxiliary, e.g.: for sefenn winnterr haffde he ben in Egypte (Ormulum) ('For seven winters he had been in Egypt')
2)The other source of the Perf. forms was the OE phrase consisting of
the link-verb bean + Part. II of intransitive verbs
Towards ME the two verb phrases turned into analytical forms and made up a single set of forms termed "perfect". The Participles had lost their forms of agreement with the noun (the subject - in the construction with ben, the object - in the construction with haven); the places of the object and the participle in the construction with haven changed: the Participle usually stood close to the verb have and was followed by the object which referred now to the analytical form as a whole - instead of being governed by have.
In the Perfect form the auxiliary have~ had lost the meaning of possession and was used with all kinds of verbs, without restriction. Have was becoming a universal auxiliary, whereas the use of be grew more restricted.
To be was chiefly used with verbs of motion, but to avoid harmony with passive forms, forms to have became used more frequently: My hair is cut by smth.→I have my hair cut
Traces of the historical Pres. Perf. With to be can be found in modern English: my hopes are gone
He is gone – Он ушел.
22. The rise of the passive forms
In OE the finite verb had no category of Voice outside the Prticiples.
The analytical passive forms developed from OE verb phrases consisting of OE bean (NE be) and weorthan ('become') + Part. 2 of transitive verbs.
The major features that differ free syntetic combinations from analytic forms:
1)the Prtic is syntetically connected with the subject being the predicate. Partic. 2 could be inflected especially when in contact position.
2)P. 2 was often found if non-contact position was separated from final words by other words(non-agreement)
3)weorÞan occurred in the Past Tense only as well as wesan
the agent of the action was never mentioned in the sentences. The further development of these 3 syntetic combinations in the analytical can be summorised as follows:
-as a result of phonetic reduction bēon→bēn→be
-in the 18th cent. weorÞan fell out of usage which made to be the only auxiliary for passive
-the Partic. 2 forms lost the inflection –e. the contact position with the auxiliary preceeding was becoming more and more common →in the 15th cent. Only adverbs of indefinite time & manner occurred in the intermediate positions. The present condition of Passive form was reached ex: I was never asked this question before.
-In the 15th cent. Passive Forms could already be used throughout the verb pararadigm.
We can consider that analytic PASSIVE was fully established in English.
-In the early ME the phrase denoting the agent could be introduced by several prepositions:
Mid, of, by, with, from
Only by(living being) & with(instrument)remained in the course of time.
The construction like a boy was given a job; the data was sent for appeared in ME they became possible after the loss of case inflections when both indirect & prepositional objects in initial position came to be understood as the subject of the sentence