Молева

Educational systems

1.Educational systems include formal institutions and organizations of a country that transmit knowledge and cultural heritage and that influence the social and intellectual growth of the individual.

2.Most countries have a centralized governmental agency that organizes,

administers, finances and controls the formal and cultural aspects of education. The laws, curricular, personnel and methods of instruction generally are determined in the central office. Examples of countries with centralized systems are France, Italy, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, the Netherlands, Greece, Argentina and Brazil.

3. Decentralized educational systems are bound in such countries as Switzerland, the United States, Germany, India, Canada and Australia. This system is characterized by limited participation of central authorities in policy making. Countries such as Canada, Germany and Australia have appointed state ministries of education and state systems of inspection. In the United States individual states are responsible for providing education. States may tend toward either centralization or decentralization.

4.A third type of system is a hybrid: administration and control are shared by national and local authorities. Such is the case in England where education laws originate in Parliament but actual administration is in the hands of local government.

5.The system of higher education had its origin in Europe of the middle ages when the first universities were established. The earliest western institution

that can be called a university was a famous medical school that arose at Palermo, Italy, in the 9th century and drew students from all over Europe.

The first true university was founded at Bologna late in the 11th century. The early universities were corporations of students and masters and they received their charters from Popes, emperors and kings. Students studied under one of the professional faculties of medicine, law and theology.

6. In the later 18th and 19th centuries religion was gradually displaced as the dominant force. European universities became institutions of modern learning and research.

7. Two factors increasingly have challenged the educational systems during the 20th century: industrialization and population growth which required more extensive formal educational preparations than in the past.

The Open University is a unique innovation of higher education. It is intended for people who study in their own free time and provides courses of study through television, radio and local study programs.

Notes:

1.heritage – наследие

2.agency – орган

3.maintenance - средство к существованию

4.curricular – программы (основной курс обучения)

5.instruction – обучение

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6.participation – участие

7.authority – власть

8.to challenge – бросать вызов

IX. Прочитайте 5, 6 и 7 абзацы текста и дайте ответы на следующие вопросы:

1.When and where were the earliest universities founded?

2.When and why did European universities become institutions of modern learning and research?

3.What forms of studies does the Open University provide?

Часть I. Контрольная работа № 1. Вариант № 5

I. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием “s” и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:

1.показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;

2.признаком множественного числа имени существительного;

3.показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.

Переведите предложения на русский язык:

1.The Earth goes round the Sun.

2.Many streets and parks of London have their own history and traditions.

3.Moscow is one of the world‘s scientific and art centres.

II. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения, обращая внимание на перевод неопределенных местоимений some, any, no:

1.Some people get up early.

2.Did your friend tell you any news?

3.No parts of Great Britain (England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland) can be used as the name of the country.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1.I can discuss this question now but he will be able to discuss it tomorrow.

2.I must read this text again because it is difficult.

3.You may do it today.

4.We should help them.

IV. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения глаголов to be, to have, to do.

1.The professor was busy, so I had to wait a little.

2.I haven't much spare time lately.

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3.The new museum is to be opened next month.

4.I didn't go to the Foreign Language Library.

V. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в каждом из них видовременную форму и залог сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1.When much material had been looked through and some problems had been solved, the article was published.

2.The exhibition was being held in Moscow. It was visited by many people.

3.I have never been to the U.S.A.

4.This project is being discussed with English companies.

5.Our company is often invited to take part in international exhibitions.

6.My friend said that he had finished his scientific research the day before.

VI. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их па русский язык, обращая внимание па бессоюзное подчинение.

1.The man we have just spoken about is our Dean.

2.The book they were translating did not seem very difficult.

3.Here is the book we are looking for.

4.He says he is going to come to London in a month.

VII. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните Participle I u Participle II и определите функцию каждого из них, т.е. укажите является ли оно определением, обстоятельст вом или частью сказуемого. Предложения переведите.

1.An exhibition showing the latest achievements in hotel equipment was organized in London.

2.Reading English books you will improve your knowledge.

3.The books written by Jack London are very interesting.

4.When asked about this book, I didn't say a word.

VIII. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите 2, 4 и 6 абзацы текста.

The United States of America

1.The United States of America is situated in the southern part of North America. It occupies a favourable geographical position being washed by two oceans and having various climate zones.

2.Once the U.S.A. was an English colony. In the War of Independence (1775-1783) it became independent.

3.Today the USA is a federation of 50 states stretching from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean and covers an area of 9,529,063 square kilometres. The

population grew from 4 million (1790) to 281.4 million inhabitants according to 2000 census.

4. The United States is a highly developed industrial and agricultural country. Heavy industry prevails in the U.S.A. including such branches as

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metallurgical, machine-building and chemical industries. War industry (including the production of atomic weapons), plays an important role in the US economy. Being well-developed the light industry includes textile, leather and footwear industries. The food industry is also well developed.

5. The capital of the U.S.A. is the city of Washington situated in the District of Columbia. The ethnic composition of Washington's population is about threefifths African-American and less than one-third white, with the remaining tenth a mixture of Asians, Africans, Latin Americans, and other ethnic minorities, including embassy personnel. In contrast, the suburban population is predominantly white, with a sizable African-American minority.

6. The flag of the U.S.A., the "Stars and Stripes", has 50 stars on a blue background. Each of these stars represents one of the fifty states. But the city of Washington is not in any of those states. It belongs to all of them. Washington is the seat of government of the nation. The White House where the US President lives and works, the Capitol, the home of the US Congress and the Supreme Court are all in Washington.

7.The United States is a sports-loving nation. Sports in America take a variety of forms. Most sports are seasonal; some sports are commercial and professional. Baseball is the most popular sport in the United States. Americans are also fond of reading and talking about sports.

8.There is no official list of national holidays because the establishment of holidays is within the province of the individual states. In most states banks, post

offices and most places of business are closed, for example, on these days: January, 1 - New Year's Day; February, 2 - Lincoln's Birthday (16-th President); February, 22 - Washington's Birthday (the first President of the USA); July, 4 - Independence Day; December, 25 - Christmas Day.

IX. Прочитайте 5 и 7 абзацы текста и дайте ответы па следующие вопросы.

1.Who lives in the capital of the U.S.A.?

2.Which kinds of sports are the most popular in America?

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