Молева

formed in 1988 when the Liberal Party, which traced its origins to the eighteenth century, merged with the Social Democratic Party.

The United Kingdom does not have a single, unified judicial system — England and Wales have one system, Scotland another and Northern Ireland a third. The ultimate source of law is statutes passed by the Westminster or Scottish Parliament, but there is also a legal duty to comply with European Community law.

Notes:

to sustain - поддерживать; обеспечивать; способствовать equal treatment before law – равенство перед законом

to elect – избирать

constituency – избирательный округ executive – исполнительный

legislative authority – законодательная власть chamber – палата

to be involved in – заниматься чем-либо, быть вовлеченным be traced back – восходить

statute law – право, выраженное в законах case law – прецедентное право

treaty – договор

convention – соглашение, договор, договоренность, конвенция within the framework – в рамках

to retain - удерживать, сохранять to emerge – появиться

judicial - cудебный

Активная лексика: Jurisdiction, executive, key government issues, government policy, legislative, authority, statute law, case law, international treaty, judicial, to establish, to set up

Упражнения

I. Найдите в тексте эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний:

принцип разделения власти, законодательная власть, исполнительная власть, судебная власть, конституционная монархия, парламентская демократия,

государственная служба, международный договор, учредить фирму.

II. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту:

1.What is the official name of Great Britain?

2.How many countries and jurisdictions are there in the UK?

3.When did the country achieve its present form?

4.Who is Head of State in Britain? Who is the head of the UK government?

5.What sustains democracy in Britain?

6.How often do general elections take place?

7.What is the supreme legislative authority in the UK?

8.What does the UK system of government consist of?

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9.How is the British constitution formed?

10.What does the term ‗impartiality‘ mean?

11.Which party holds power in the UK now? Who is the British Prime Minister? What is the address of his office?

12.How many judicial systems are there in the UK?

13.Is the principle of separation of power enacted in the UK?

14.What is the ultimate source of law in the UK?

Текст 3. WHY STUDY ECONOMICS?

I. There are several very good reasons, all of which involve you. As a member of a society in which you live, there is no escaping economics. The food you eat, the home you live in, the clothes you wear, and the way you spend your leisure time are all affected, in part, by economic forces. The study of economics will help to understand you these forces better and enable you to live a fuller life.

This science is based upon the facts of our everyday lives. Economists study our everyday lives. They study the system, which affect our lives. The economist tries to describe the facts of the economy in which we live. He tries to explain how the system works. His methods should be objective and scientific. We need food, clothes and shelter... But even when we have satisfied' such basic needs, we may still want other things, Our lives might be more enjoyable if we had such things as radios, books and toys for children. Human beings certainly have a wide and very complex range of wants.

The science of economics is concerned with all our material needs and wants. It is not just concerned with basic needs like food, clothes and shelter.

The development of modern economics began in the 17th century. Since that time economists have developed methods for studying and explaining how individuals, businesses and nations use their available , economic resources. Large corporations use economists to study the ways they do business and to suggest methods for making more efficient use of their employees, equipment, factories, and other resources. A government also employs economists to study economic problems and to suggest ways to solve them.

Активная лексика: economics, reason, member, society, to wear, to spend, to affect, to understand, to study, to try, to explain, objective, scientific, to satisfy, range, needs, to be concerned with, to develop, to suggest, equipment, resources, government, to employ, to solve, to use.

Упражнения

I. Найдите в тексте эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний:

член общества, избежать изучение экономики, способ, свободное время, экономические силы, товары первой необходимости, люди, широкий ассортимент, экономические ресурсы, эффективное использование рабочей силы, предложить пути решения вопросов.

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II. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту.

1.What is economics?

2.What do economists study?

3.What do economists try to describe?

4.What do we need in our everyday lives?

5.When did the development of modern economics begin?

6.What methods have the economists developed?

7.Why do large corporations employ economists?

8.Why does a government use economists?

ТЕКСТ №4. STEVE JOBS

The chief executive who presented the latest, and coolest, electronics to the world has stepped down. Steve Jobs announced his resignation as head of Apple in a letter last week.

He wrote: ―I have always said if there ever came a day when I could no longer meet my duties and expectations as Apple‘s CEO, I would be the first to let you know. Unfortunately, that day has come.‖

Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak started Apple Computer in nineteen seventy - six. The company sold a new kind of electronic device: the personal computer. Apple Computer grew more quickly than anyone could have imagined.

In nineteen eighty-five, however, Steve Jobs resigned after disputes with managers who had been brought in to direct business operations. He soon started his own software company, NeXT, and bought a computer animation studio. The Pixar movie studio would go on to create movies like Toy Story and Finding Nemo. They are two of the most successful animated films ever made.

Apple struggled during the nineteen nineties. Many products failed. The company began losing money and its stock price sank. In nineteen ninety-seven, Apple bought NeXT and brought back Steve Jobs. Apple used software developed at NeXT to create the Mac OS computer operating system. The next year, Apple became profitable. And a series of highly successful products followed. In two thousand one, Apple released the iPod, a digital music player. The iPhone arrived in two thousand seven.

Apple has also been a leader in online marketing. The iTunes Music Store sells songs for download. The App Store sells applications for computers and mobile devices. As Steve Jobs has noted, trial and error has always been part of the Apple model.

STEVE JOBS: "We just try to build products we think are really wonderful and that people might want. And, sometimes we are right and sometimes we are wrong.‖ Steve Jobs is closely linked with the success of Apple. Investors were scared when he announced he had an operation for pancreatic cancer in two thousand four.

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His decision to leave comes as Apple continues to release winning products. Apple sold over four and a half million iPads in the first three months of this year. The company holds the largest share of the growing tablet computer market.

On August ninth, Apple first passed Exxon Mobil Corporation to become the most valuable publicly traded company in the world. Since then the two companies have traded the lead.

Активная лексика: CEO, fail, stock price, sink (sank, sunk), buy (bought, bought), profitable, to follow, to sell (sold, sold), to be linked with, to release products, to win (won,won), share, valuable, publicly traded company.

Упражнения

I. Найдите в тексте эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний:

пробы и ошибки, сетевой маркетинг, инвестор, успех компании связан с именем главного исполнительного директора, цены акций резко упали, компания росла быстрее, чем ожидалось, новый вид электронного

оборудования, объявить об отставке

II. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту.

1.When was Apple Computer founded?

2.What is the product line of Apple Computer?

3.What is NeXT famous for?

4.Why did many Apple‘s products fail in the nineteen nineties?

5.What does Apple sell online?

6.What is Steve Job‘s marketing model?

7.Why did he leave the company?

8.How successful is Apple now?

9.When did Steve Jobs die?

10.What do you think of Apple products?

ТЕКСТ №5. MOBILE PHONES

A

I need a mobile phone for my work. I‘m a freelance writer, working for various magazines and newspapers, so it‘s very important for publishers and editors to be able to contact me at all times. Much of the time I am at home and they can contact me by regular telephone or e-mail. But I do travel a great deal so my mobile phone is always with me and always turned on. I supposed I‘m worried that if they can‘t get through, they might give the work to somebody else. I say it‘s always turned on, but there are exceptions. When I‘m not working over the weekend, or more especially when I‘m on holiday, I turn it off. But I always tell people before I go, and they usually understand. I also leave a voicemail message at home and on my mobile phone just to make sure.

B

I really need my mobile phone. I couldn‘t live without it. Mine was stolen a few months back so I didn‘t have one for three days and it was horrible. I couldn‘t

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call any of my friends, but worst of all, I couldn‘t send them text messages and we normally do that all through the day. My mum thinks my friends and I are crazy. They often stay over, and last Friday when my mum came into my room there were four of us all on our mobile phones talking to different people instead of talking to each other. In the past she got angry, but now she just laughs, especially since I now have to pay for my own calls. I think she‘s secretly happy now because I don‘t use our normal phone as much as I did before, which means she can talk to her friends when she likes.

C

All of my friends and work colleagues have mobile phones, but I refuse to buy one. I don‘t see why my boss should be able to contact me at home in my own free time. If he wants to talk to me, he can do it during office hours when I‘m at my desk – and when I‘m getting paid to work for him! As for my friends, they‘re always complaining that they can‘t make arrangements with me because they can‘t talk to me. But what did they do before mobile phones where invented? I think they forget that ten years ago, hardly anybody had one and there were no problems.

So what‘s the big deal now? They know what I think about them now, and when I go out with them for a meal or a drink, they know they have to turn off their mobile phones so that we‘re not interrupted.

Which person…

1.was without a phone for a few days?

2.is not always available on weekends?

3.doesn‘t talk to his/her boss outside work?

4.needs a mobile phone for work?

5.uses his/her mobile phone when with other people?

6.asks friends not to use mobile phones when they are with him/her?

ТЕКСТ №6. WHAT CONSUMERS REALLY WANT

What forms of e-commerce will dominate the next millennium? What is it that the consumer really wants and will pay for? (0) ―b‖. Catalogue shopping works on this principle, but it makes up only two per cent of the economy.

Consumers want more than just convenience

Consumers really want things to be simple, easy and fast. They want to be entertained when they shop. They want to comparison shop. They want the best service. They want great prices. (1)_

The virtual shopping assistant

High definition graphics and video will be part of the everyday online shopping experience. (2) _and interact with their friends without leaving home. Artificial intelligence will put a virtual shop assistant at the service of every online shopper. (3) _. These will be stored on the company‘s computers.

Goodbye to the keyboard

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The biggest obstacle to the Net is the keyboard. Voice recognition will make it obsolete. (4)_ – from home, the car, or perhaps even from a pair of glasses.

‗Real‘ e-commerce

The consumer will say, ‗I‘d like to buy a red sweater today, something in the $25 to $39 range.‘ (5)_– such as size, style and fabric. It will assemble a range of options at different prices from a variety of stores. All in the consumer‘s exact size. Then the consumer will be able to virtually try on the different sweaters using a 3D model of herself stored in the computer. (6)_.

Complete the article on the future of e-commerce with these missing sentences or parts of sentences a–g.

aThe consumer will access the network from anywhere

bFor a while, companies believed that consumers wanted convenience

more than the best price

cThe network will take that request, along with any other historical preferences the consumer has

dPeople will be able to virtually shop

eThe Internet and e-commerce can provide all of this.

fAnd that is real e-commerce

gShe will suggest colours, sizes and other features that match the

shopper‘s preferences

ТЕКСТ №7.

The reading below describes interviews and research into people’s working lives.

Sentences 1–6 are what some of the people who were interviewed said. Match the sentences with paragraphs A, B, C or D from the reading.

1.‗I‘m not as busy as I was when I first started.‘

2.‗I like it when colleagues call me at work –sometimes it‘s about work but sometimes it‘s just to chat.‘

3.‗I wish I could see my family more.‘

4.‗My phone seems to ring every five minutes. I constantly have to stop what I‘m doing.‘

5. ‗I work much harder now than I did when I first started thirty years ago.‘ 6.‗It‘s because I travel for my job. Sometimes I Ieave the house at four in the

morning.‘

A When Dr Rosemary Stewart asked 160 British managers to keep a diary of their activities for a month, she discovered the average manager had only nine 30-minute periods without interruption. Those she interviewed complained that ‗there is just no time to think‘ and that ‗it‘s one damn thing after another‘.

B Canadian professor Dr Henry Mintzberg found that half the tasks managers perform take only nine minutes or less. Only 10% last more than an

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hour. Typically, executives work very fast on several things at once, and welcome any interruption to their schedule to stop and take a break.

C According to a survey published in Wired magazine, US executives work 25% longer hours than they did in the 1970s. Market researchers at Kellogg‘s discovered that 13% of them eat breakfast in the car. The most shocking study shows that the average American father spends just six minutes a day talking to his kids.

D In a recent interview for a profile of global business leaders, famous workaholic Bill Gates revealed that he can at last afford to slow down. ‗There are days that I work 14 hours,‘ he admits, ‗but most days I don‘t work more than 12 hours. On weekends I rarely work more than 8 hours.‘

ТЕКСТ №8. JODIE LAWSON, YOUNG BUSINESSPERSON OF THE YEAR

Put the sections of the reading (A–F) in the correct order. Write the letters on the lines.

A Her day begins at 7.15 when the alarm goes off. But she doesn‘t often get up straight away. She lies in bed and listens to the news on the radio until 7.30. She usually goes to work by bus, but she sometimes runs.

B She leaves work around seven, but quite often goes to an evening meeting. To relax she likes seeing her friends and family, and enjoys going away at the weekend and getting out of the city. She goes to bed between 11 and midnight.

CJodie Lawson, Young Businessperson of the Year, is managing director of roundpeg.com, an internet-based recruitment agency.

DHer morning always involves meetings, taking calls from clients and dealing with e-mails. Most days she has lunch at her desk, but sometimes she goes

out with a client, or makes a lunchtime presentation. In the afternoon she is usually out of the office visiting clients.

E She likes running and finds it relaxing. It takes her about 30 to 35 minutes to get to work – about the same as the bus. When she gets to the office, she turns on the computer, reads her e-mail, and has breakfast – a bowl of cereal

ТЕКСТ №9. ANALYZING CHARTS

The charts shows student enrolment by gender and level in different colleges of the Higher Colleges of Technology colleges in the UAE.

There are clear differences in male and female enrolment. Females outnumber men in all the colleges, with almost 25% more students in Dubai

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Women's college than in Dubai Men's. Ras Al-Khaimah Women's College has almost 180 students, compared to only 100 in the Men's college.

Females also outnumber males by level, with almost double the number of men at Higher Diploma level (330 compared to 181). Only at Diploma level does the number of men slightly exceed that of women.

Over half the students are in Certificate level, with less than a quarter at Higher Diploma or Bachelor level.

In conclusion, most students in the Higher Colleges are enrolled at Diploma level or below, and the majority of students are women.

Graduates by College

Graduates by Level and Gender

Total Graduates by Level

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ТЕКСТ № 10. TIPS FOR A YOUNG MANAGER

1. The statement is true/false. There is no information in the text.

The larger the company the easier it is to conceal a managerial mistake.

Even in a large company a new manager can try and introduce changes he finds to be necessary.

2.This information can be found in paragraph: 1,2,3,4.

First think then do

3.The main idea of the text is …

Corporate policy is a problem for a young manager Knowledge of human nature can help a young manager Common sense and managerial competence

What makes a great manager?

1.The first steps to becoming a really great manager are simply common sense; but common sense is not very common. The major problem when you start

to manage is that you do not actually think about management issues because you do not recognize them. Things normally go wrong not because you are stupid but only because you have never thought about it. Management is about pausing to ask yourself the right questions so that your common sense can provide the answers.

2. When you gain managerial responsibility, your first option is to do what is expected of you. You are new at the job, so people will understand. You can learn (slowly) by your mistakes and probably you will try to devote as much time as possible to the rest of your work (which is what your were good at anyway). Those extra little ―management‖ problems are just common sense, so try to deal with them when they come up.

3. Your second option is far more exciting: find an empty telephone box, put on a cape and bright-red underpants, and become a SuperManager. When you become a manager, you gain control over your own work; not all of it, but some of it. You can change things. You can do things differently. You actually have the authority to make a huge impact upon the way in which your staff work. You can shape your own work environment.

4. In a large company, your options may be limited by the existing corporate culture – and my advice to you is to act like a crab: face directly into the main thrust of corporate policy, and make changes sideways. You do not want to fight the system, but rather to work better within it. In a small company, your options are possibly much wider (since custom is often less rigid) and the impact that you and your team has upon the company‘s success is proportionately much greater.

Thus once you start working well, this will be quickly recognized and nothing gains faster approval than success. But wherever you work, do not be put off by the surprise colleagues will show when you first get serious about managing well.

Fro m: ‗What makes a great manager‘, www. project-management-blog.co m/2006/ 05/

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