Vocabulary

1. assault нападение

2. to acknowledge/ recognize as a crime признавать как преступление

3. act of violence акт насилия; насильственное действие

4. actus reus (lat.) виновное действие

5. arson поджог

6. burglary бэрглери; кража со взломом

7. blasphemy богохульство

8. to consider guilty of a crime считать виновным в совершении преступления

9. conviction осуждение, признание виновным

10. fraud мошенничество

11. forfeiture потеря, конфискация

12. homicide самоубийство

13. to hijack угнать самолет

14. to kidnap насильно или обманом похитить, украсть ребенка

15. larceny воровство

16. manslaughter убийство без злого умысла

17. murder тяжкое убийство, умышленное убийство

18. mens rea (лат.) виновная воля, вина shop- lifter магазинный вор

19. malice aforethought заранее обдуманный злой умысел

20. to mug нападать сзади (с целью ограбления)

21. perjury лжесвидетельство, нарушение клятвы

22. pickpocket вор- карманник

23. robbery роббери, грабеж, разбой

24. rape изнасилование

25. slaughter убийство

26. theft воровство, кража Theft Act закон о кражах

27. treason государственная измена, предательство

Commentary homicide – лишение человека жизни, убийство manslaughter- простое (без злого умысла) убийство murder- тяжкое убийство ( с заранее обдуманным злым умыслом) slaughter – убийство (особенно одновременное убийство нескольких человек)

Task 1.Translate the following sentences.

1. Criminal law is that part of the land which is concerned with crimes.

2. A crime is an act or default which prejudices the interest of the community and is forbidden by the law under pain of punishment.

3. It is an offence against the state, as contrasted with a tort or civil wrong, which is a violation of a right of an individual and which does not lead to punishment.

4. The English criminal law has never been reduced to a single code but many particular topics have been codified by separate statutes, for example, the Larceny Act (1915).

5. The most important categories of crime in England and the United states are felony and misdemeanor.

6. there is no death penalty in Britain, except for treason. It was abolished for all other offences in 1969.

7. For murderers, there is an obligatory life sentence. However, ‘life’ does not normally mean life.

Task 2. Find in the text the following words and expressions and translate them.

The law regulating the relations between citizens and the state; acts which the state considers to be wrong; legal systems; to be considered guilty of a crime; to show evidence of one’s innocence; to prove one’s guilt; these elements are usually recorded in statutes; common law crimes; case law; the crime of theft; dishonesty appropriating properly belonging to another; further definitions of each element; to define in detail crimes; to commit an act of violence; robbery; burglary; the criminal act; the criminal state of mind ; actus reus; mens rea; malice aforethought; definition of intent; to pass a new law; to deal with computer crimes; to acknowledge as a crime; to be unlawful.

Task 3. Read the text.

Criminal law.

Criminal law is categorized as a part of public law – the law regulating the relations between citizens and the state. Crimes can be thought of as acts which the state considers to be wrong and which can be punished by the state.

In many legal systems it is an important principle that a person cannot be considered guilty of a crime until the state proves he committed it. The suspect himself need not prove anything, although he will of course help himself if he can show evidence of his innocence. The state must prove his guilt according to high standards, and for each crime there are precise elements which must be proven. In codified systems, these elements are usually recorded in statutes. In common law systems, the elements of some crimes are detailed in statutes; others , known as ‘common law crimes’, are still described mostly in case law. Even where there is a precise statute, the case law interpreting the statute may be very important since the circumstances of each crime may be very different.

For example, the crime of theft is defined in England under 1968 Theft Act as: ‘dishonesty appropriating properly belonging to another with the intention of permanently depriving the other of it’.

There are further definitions of each element of the definition, such as appropriating, which may mean taking away, destroying, treating as your own, and selling. The same Act also defines in detail crimes such as burglary (entering someone’s land without permission intending to steal or commit an act of violence) and robbery (using force or threats in order to steal from someone). Although the Theft Act was intended to cover many possible circumstances, it is still often necessary for the courts to refer to case law in order to apply the Act to a new case. For example, in the 1985 case of R. vs. Brown, the defendant argued he couldn’t be guilty of burglary since he reached through the window of a house without actually going inside. However, the court decided a person can be judged to have ‘entered’ a building if he gets close enough to be able to remove something from it.

There are usually two important elements to a crime: (I) the criminal act itself: and (II) the criminal state of mind of the person when he committed the act. In Anglo-American law these are known by the Latin terms of (I) Actus Reus and (II) Mens Rea. The differences between these can be explained by using the crime of murder as an example.

In English law there is a rather long common law definition of murder. The unlawful killing of a human being under the Queen’s Peace, with malice aforethought, so that the victim dies within a year and a day.

Malice aforethought refers to the mens rea of the crime and is a way of saying that the murderer intended to commit a crime. Of course, the court can never know exactly what was in the head of the killer at the time of the killing, so it has the difficult task of deciding what his intentions must have been. The judgments in many recent cases show that English law is constantly developing its definition of intent.

Although most criminal laws in the world refer to acts of violence or theft, there are laws regulating almost every kind of human behavior: for example, what we do with our land: what we say and write: how we run our businesses; even what we wear. Sometimes governments ‘create new crimes’ by identifying a form of behaviour and passing a new law to deal with it. In most industrialized countries existing theft laws were not adequate to deal with computer crimes where complex kinds of information are stolen, altered or used to deceive others and thus, new laws have been passed.

Technical change is one reason why the criminal law is one of the fastest growing areas of the law. Another reason is that the number of crimes committed in some countries seem to be increasing rapidly- although sometimes it is not clear whether people are breaking the law more, being caught more, or reporting other people’s crimes more... one more reason is that different societies, or perhaps it is different governments, continually review their ideas of what should and shouldn’t be a considered crime.

Homosexual acts, suicide and blasphemy (attacking religion) were once crimes in all European countries, but have now mostly been decriminalized. On the other hand, discrimination against someone on the grounds of race or sex was not acknowledged as a crime until relatively recently, and is still not recognized in some countries. Recent cases of euthanasia (shortening the life of a sick person) are causing re-evaluations of the concept of murder.

There are some acts which are crimes in one country but not in another. For example, it is a crime to drink alcohol in Saudi Arabia, but not in Egypt. It is a crime to smoke marijuana [mæri’wa:nә] in England but not (in prescribed places) in the Netherlands. It is a crime to have more than one wife at the same time in France, but not in Indonesia. It is a crime to have an abortion in Ireland, but not in Spain. It is a crime not to flush a public toilet after use in Singapore, but not in Malaysia. In general, however, there is quite a lot of agreement among states as to which acts are criminal. A visitor to a foreign country can be sure that stealing, physically attacking someone or damaging their property will be unlawful. But the way of dealing with people suspected of crime may be different from his own country.

Task 4. Translate the following questions into English and answer them.

1. Что такое уголовное право?

2. Что такое преступление?

3. Что представляет собой основной принцип во многих правовых системах, согласно которому нельзя считать человека виновным?

4. Что должно быть доказано в каждом преступлении?

5. Какая разница между кражей и берглэри?

6. Что представляет собой ограбление?

7. Какие два важных элемента присутствуют в преступлении?

8. Как правительства способствуют появлению новых преступлений?

9. Что вы знаете о компьютерных преступлениях?

10. Почему уголовное право является одной из быстрорастущих отраслей права?

11. Какие действия считаются преступными во многих странах?

Task 5. Translate the text.

Classification of crimes. Historically crimes are classed as treasons, felonies and misdemeanors, but there exist other classifications: indictable (преследуемый по обвинительному акту) offences and offences punishable on summary conviction and the classification based on the immediate objects of the crimes (against the State and Public Order, property, reputation and so on). Felony, i.e. any of the more serious crimes such as murder, larceny, rape, arson and aggravated assault, formerly punishable by death and forfeiture of property but in England is now punishable in the same way as misdemeanors except in the few surviving instances in which capital punishment still exists (treason and special cases of murder).

The former importance of the distinction between felony and misdemeanors is now reduced to a few minor procedural differences, such as the larger powers of arrest for suspected felony.

In the United States the distinction between a felony and a misdemeanor lies in how it is punishable, not the degree of infamy of the offence. All crimes which are not felonies or treason are misdemeanors punishable by a fine or by imprisonment other than in a prison. Originally a misdemeanor was a crime not resulting in the forfeiture of property in conviction, and at one time all felonies were punishable more severely than misdemeanor (usually by death). Today, however, some misdemeanors are punishable in England more severely than some felonies, though never by death. Examples of misdemeanors are perjury, obtaining money by false pretences and conspiracy.

Task 6. Translate the following words:

Case law, деликтное право, Law of trusts, тяжкие преступления, conviction, измена, поджог, the forfeiture of property, лжесвидетельство, быть виновным в совершении преступления, conspiracy, закон о кражах, to break the law, заранее обдуманный злой умысел, criminal state of mind, намерение, mens rea, Criminal law, заключение в тюрьму, misdemeanors, каторжные работы, capital punishment, законодательный акт, кража со взломом, computer crimes, blasphemy, to show evidence of one’s innocence.

Task 7. Translate into English:

Уголовное право Англии

Развитие уголовного права в Англии, в частности его приспособление к условиям капиталистического общества, происходило особыми путями. В отличие от более поздних буржуазных революций английская революция XVII в., по существу, не затронула феодального права, которое не изменилось в своей основе даже к началу XIX в., когда в большинстве стран Европы уголовное право подверглось серьезным изменениям и было приведено в соответствие с общественными отношениями буржуазного общества.

Значительное число преступных деяний в Англии в этот период преследовалось либо по нормам общего права, либо в соответствии с большим количеством статутов, устанавливающих ответственность за то же самое преступление (наказание за подлог было предусмотрено в 400 статутах). Система санкций отличалась чудовищной жестокостью. Свыше 200 статутов предусматривали в качестве единственной меры наказания смертную казнь, по большей части в ее квалифицированных видах (путем публичного сожжения, колесования, четвертования). Смертная казнь признавалась «основным наказанием», а все остальные виды наказания – «второстепенными». К их числу относились каторжные работы, ссылка на галеры (galleys), заключение в тюрьму, публичная порка и другие телесные наказания.

Движение за реформу уголовного права в конце XVIII- начале XIX в., привело лишь к отмене наиболее жестоких законов и к некоторому упрощению и упорядочению уголовного законодательства. В период 1830 и 1880 г.г. в ходе реформы было отменено несколько сотен устаревших статутов, которые были заменены так называемыми консолидированными актами, предусматривающими ответственность за отдельные группы преступлений (кражу, подлог, повреждение имущества, фальшимонетничество, преступления против личности). Были отменены смертная казнь за имущественные преступления. В 1857 г. Была отменена ссылка в колонии, взамен этого была законодательно закреплена система мест лишения свободы внутри страны, основными элементами которой стали каторжные работы и тюремное заключение.

Task 8. Match given terms and expressions with the correct translation.

1. доказать чью-либо вину

2. malice aforethought

3. judicial precedent

4. Criminal offences

5. уголовный кодекс

6. система общего права

7. to show evidence of innocence

8. менее тяжкое преступление

9. corporal punishment

10. законодательный акт

1. statute

2. Criminal code

3. common law system

4. телесное наказание

5. представить доказательства невиновности

6. судебный прецедент

7. misdemeanor

8. уголовные преступления

9. to prove smb’s guilt

10. заранее обдуманный злой умысел

Task 9. Read the text.

Murder

The abolition of capital punishment in England in November 1965 was welcomed by most people with humane and progressive ideas. To them it seemed a departure from feudalism, from the cruel pre-Christian spirit of revenge: an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth.

Many of these people think differently now. Three unarmed policemen have been killed by bandits who shot them down in cold blood. This crime has drawn attention to the fact that since the abolition of capital punishment crime-and especially murder-has been on increase throughout Britain. Today, therefore, public opinion in Britain has changed. People who before, also in parliament, stated that capital punishment was not a deterrent to murder- for there have always been murders in all countries with or without the law of execution- now feel that killing the assassin is the lesser of two evils. Capital punishment, they think, may not be the ideal answer, but it is better than nothing, especially when, as in England, a sentence of ‘lifelong’ imprisonment ( a life sentence, as it is called) only lasts eight or nine years.

All this is very controversial. And all the arguments for and against can be refuted in practice. The problem remains- the problem of how to prevent murders. Some murders are committed by criminals evading arrest, by insane or mentally disturbed people, by cold- blooded sadists completely devoid of all human feelings. The important thing in the prevention of murder is to eliminate as far as possible the weapons and instruments, the guns and knives, with which these crimes are committed, and furthermore to stop the dangerous influence of violence in books, films, television and other mass media, from which so many criminals derive their ‘inspiration’.

Task 10. Work in groups. Make a list of arguments for and against the following statements.

1. Mild sentences are a sign of a civilized society.

2. Capital punishment is not a deterrent to murder.

3. Armed policemen can perform their duties better.

4. Scenes of violence in films encourage crime.

5. Legalized selling of firearms stimulates murder.

6. Legalized selling of firearms ensures security.

7. The instinct to kill is basic to human nature.

Task 11. Read the text.

Crime in Great Britain.

About 90 per cent of all crimes are dealt with by Magistrates’ courts. Sentences (that is, the punishments decided by the court0 vary a lot but most people who are found guilty have to pay a fine. Magistrates’ courts can impose fines of up to ₤ 2,000 or prison sentences of up to six months. If the punishment is to be more severe the case must go to a Crown court. The most severe punishment is life imprisonment: there has been no death penalty in Britain since 1965.

The level of recorded crime and the number of people sent to prison both increased during the 1970s and 1980s. By the end of that period the average prison population was more than 50,000 and new prisons had to be built as overcrowding had become a serious problem. By 1988 the cost of keeping someone in prison was over ₤250 per week, which was more than the national average wage.

Task 12. Find in the text the English equivalents for the following expressions.

• уровень преступности;

• средний заработок;

• жестокое наказание;

• пожизненное заключение;

• смертная казнь;

• признаны виновными;

• содержание кого-либо в тюрьме;

• накладывать штраф;

• приговор.

Task 13. Match the words from the box with the definitions below.

Drug smuggling; hijacking; pickpocketing; shop-lifting; kidnapping; mugging; fraud; arson; theft.

1. they broke the window of his car and stole the radio;

2. they sold paintings that they knew weren’t genuine masterpieces;

3. they illegally carried drugs into another country;

4. they held a pistol at the pilot’s head and he had to do what they said;

5. they set fire to the hotel;

6. they took some things off the shelves and left the supermarket without paying for them;

7. they took away the rich man’s son and asked him for a lot of money;

8. they hit the man on the head as he was walking along the street, and stole all his money and credit cards;

9. they took her purse out of her handbag as she was standing on the crowded platform waiting for the train.

Task 14. Look at this list of ‘crimes’. Try and rate each crime on a scale from 1 to 10. (1 is a minor misdemeanor, 10 in a very serious crime). They are in no order.

• driving in excess of the speed limit;

• common assault (e.g. a fight in a disco-club);

• drinking and driving;

• malicious wounding (e.g. stabbing someone in a fight);

• murdering a policeman during a robbery;

• murdering a child;

• causing death by dangerous driving;

• smoking marijuana;

• selling drugs (such as heroin);

• stealing ₤ 1,000 from a bank, by fraud;

• stealing ₤ 1,000 worth of goods from someone’s home;

• rape;

• grievous bodily harm (almost killing someone);

• shop-lifting

• stealing ₤ 1,000 from a bank, by threatening someone with a gun;

• possession of a gun without a license;

• homicide.

СРСП 6.

Task 1. Before reading this article answer the question ‘What makes people commit crimes? How do you think?’

What makes people commit crimes?

I’m very sorry to say that St. Petersburg has lately got a notorious reputation of a criminal capital of our country. Almost every day is fraud with danger. Nowadays people spend thousands to burglar-proof their homes. They try to avoid dangerous areas at night, they encourage the authorities to light up dark streets, foster Neighborhood Watch schemes and sentence the criminals to death penalties or life imprisonment of solitary confinement. Yet the crime rate speeds up and we are doomed to hear the chilling statistics of violence, murders and assaults in the broad day light, robbery, burglary, sexual offences, thefts and smuggling.

For ages scientist, philosophers and doctors are desperately trying to find out what makes people commit crime. If we look at the wild life the man seems to be the most aggressive and cruel of all the living creatures. Actually no beast is behaving as violently as man. An animal only only performs ritual gestures of hostility to warn off the intruder, but never kills his relatives for food, territory or profit.

However, when an animal finds itself in abnormal conditions, it may show abnormal aggressiveness. Some zoologists and psychologists compare a modern man to a caged lion. Living conditions in crowded cities, they say, are similar to those of animals in zoo and make the inhabitants abnormally aggressive. If the human population had not multiplied to such an alarming degree, people would have had more space and freedom.

But perhaps the major cause of crime nowadays is the widening gap between the middle class and those living below the poverty line. If the have-nots do have a television at home, they are bombarded with adverts for all sorts of goods, which they can’t afford. Many of these families live in crowded, impersonal, high-rice housing estates and their kids mix in the street gangs, who are very often caught red handed in mugging, burglary or drug peddling. On the other hand, the rich commit crimes for the sake of easy money, drugs or to beat boredom and get an adrenaline buzz.

Many psychologists, however, spotlight the breakdown of family life as a prime cause of crime. About 90 % of young offenders are products of unhappy families. It is asserted that high divorce rates, stress in single parent families, lack of extended families, decline of discipline and loss of respect at home and school instigates both young and mature criminals.

I’d like to point out that the general belief that TV violence and gore causes crime has been very much doubted lately. Social studies and researches show that the children who had been heavily exposed to violence are far more likely to take part in a serious crime. In Great Britain 92 teachers are attacked every day.

An English proverb says: “When the cat is away, the mice can play.” It’s no secret that if the estate or property is not properly guarded and there is no permanent bobby or policeman walking around, most of the households become potential victims of housebreaking, burglary or vandalism. Personally I think that the present day police is to be reorganized considerably. First of all policemen should be given a professional training. Secondly, their wages should be risen at least five times, so that bribing and corruption would stop. Thirdly, more civilians should be hired to free officers from desk jobs. Besides, people shouldn’t be afraid to intervene during the street attacks.

I think that violence itself is a very vicious circle. When petty offenders are sent to prison, they are generally kept in unbearable conditions; they may lose their jobs, their homes or even families. Moreover, they acquire more criminal experience. Thus by the time they come out again they may be set on a life of crime again. Therefore sort of community service that involves unpaid social work might be a good alternative to imprisonment in our country to beat the crime rate.

Notes: Neighborhood Watch schemes – groups of volunteers who learn the basics of self-defense and patrol the streets to spot out the disorder and call police in time;

have-nots – the poor, low- paid people

gore – blood that has flowed from a wound and become thicker and darker; the term widely used by mass media to crime, violence and blood shown on TV;

social or community work- a punishment practiced for minor crimes that evolves compulsory work for the society or community, usually unpaid but the offender can go home after working hours.

Task 2. Make up the plan of the text and speak about the main causes of crime. State your opinion.

Task 3. a) Can you tell any stories of a crime that you may have witnessed. You can make up your own short stories; they can be true, hearsay, or well-known events. You can use photographs of a burglary, a bank robbery;

b) Three groups read three different stories. Then recount the story as if the event has just happened. You may ask questions each other; also you may invent details if you wish to. Use the following type of suggestions.

-You’ll never believe this, but…

- I couldn’t believe my eyes…

- Out came the owner after them…

Newspaper article 1. Imagine you were one of the customers in the pub.

Pub bans a girl with red hair.

A pretty girl has been barred from a town centre pub- because she dyed her hair red.

Samantha Thomas, 24, was shown the door when she popped into the Tudor pub in Shrewsbury, Shropshire. She said yesterday: ‘I had just gone into the pub to get some lunch. The landlord took one look at my hair and said that I must leave without being served.’

‘I told him I was a respectable person with a job and a mortgage, but he said it made no difference.’

Samantha, of Stanwood Road, Bicton, said: “I only changed my hair to red to brighten up the dull January days.”

She was refused service by Bill Goose, general manager of the pub and restaurant, when she walked in with her 19-year-old brother, Timothy.

Mr. Goose said: ‘The girl’s hair was red and very bright. She stuck out like a sore thumb among the pensioners here drinking Guinness I asked her politely to leave but she got a bit naughty.’

Newspaper article B. Imagine you were a passing motorist.

Woman was shot after car accident

A man will appear in court today charged with murdering a woman shot yesterday as she got out of a car following a crash. She was named as Mrs. Debbie Clark, 28, of Greenfield near Hull, a passenger in a Ford driven by 26- year-old garage mechanic, John Smith, which collided with a Mini in nearby Woodfield.

Mr. Smith, also of Greenfield, was in a serious condition in hospital last night with shot-gun injuries to his face and hands sustained in the incident at breakfast time.

Police said a man arrested near the scene was being held at Newtown police station where he would be charged before appearing at Woodfield magistrates’ court.

Newspaper article C. Imagine you were one of the policemen.

Ladies stranded in lift.

Police raided a High Street bank yesterday… to free four Mrs. Mopps trapped in a lift.

The officers and firemen had to smash a window and break in because the stranded ladies had bolted the door behind them.

And afterwards, one policeman said: ‘We’ve never been called on to raid a bank before, but there was no alternative. The ladies were very glad to see us. They were desperate to go to the toilet.’

The cleaners spent three hours in the jammed lift before the husband of one reported them missing.

Detectives raced to the National branch in Woodstock, fearing the women had been tied up by real raiders.

Bank manager, Tom Davies, said: ‘very sensibly, the ladies had bolted the door from the inside when the staff went home, but it meant we couldn’t use our keys to get in and free them. We’re only grateful that one of their husbands phoned the police. No one could hear them shouting for help.’

Task 4. Read this text and say if you agree with the sentence or not.

Driver on phone caused death

A woman was arranging a dinner date with her boy- friend on her mobile phone when her car crashed into another, killing its driver. Deborah Haynes, an employment agent, was holding the phone with one hand and steering with the other as she pulled out at 70 mph to overtake on a bend. In the seconds before the three-car crash her passenger, Susan Penny, a colleague, saw what about to happen and tried in vain to grab the wheel, said Maureen Baker, prosecuting.

Task 5. Read the article and your version what happened with George.

Boy’s body found in canal

The body of a teenage rugby player has been recovered from canal less than a mile from his home.

Police divers had been searching the canal on the outskirts of Exeter, Devon. They found the body close to the Paddington- Penzance railway line.

Detectives believe that the victim, George Mortimer, was murdered. He had told a school friend that he had arranged to meet two men. George, 16, had left home with an overnight bag and his parents were not surprised when he did not return home that night.

Two men, who were arrested more than 200 miles away, near Manchester, were being questioned.

George, who captained Exeter rugby club youth team, wanted to pursue a sporting career.

Task 6. Read the following articles and comment on.

A teenage couple’s dream of eloping ended just four miles from their home when a bus they had stolen for the journey weered off the road and into a field, writes Sean O’Neill. Andrew Hodges, 18, and his 16- year- old girlfriend were arrested.

But romance did not die. After an appearance in court Hodges said: ‘I really love her and I’m going to marry her one day, whatever my mum says.’

Hodges had never driven before. The crash caused an estimated ₤ 3,000 damage.

Hodges, unemployed, admitted taking the bus without consent and driving without license or insurance. He was placed on probation for two years and ordered to do 50 hours’ community service.

Cash for dead girl’s family

A police force has made a secret £ 10,000 payment to the family of a teenage girl whose killer was only convicted because her mother and grandmother pursued the case for 20 years.

Derbyshire police admitted they had made the ‘special payment’ to the family of 16-year-old Lynn Siddons, who was stabbed to death in 1978.

Lynn’s grandmother Florence Siddons, 83, who raised her, and her mother Gail Halford, 53, led a 20-year campaign to ensure that her killer, Michael Brookes, now 54, was convicted.

Church theft by ex-banker

A former City banker who moved back to his home village stole ₤ 25,000 from church fuds, a court was told.

Thomas Avery, 38, became a churchwarden near Winchester, and was then appointed treasurer of church council. But over 17 months he stole from church’s bank account and from fund- raising takings.

Every, who will be sentences next month, admitted 11 charges of theft, two of forgery and two of deception.

Task 7. Learn and remember the following phrasal verbs.

TO ENTER – кіру, келісімге келу, тіркеу, вступать, входить, заключать договор,регистрировать;

to enter an action – іс қозғау, возбуждать дело

to enter the appearance – тіркеу, регистрировать явку

to enter a case- қылмысқа байланысты іспен айналысу, заниматься делом (о преступлении)

to enter a caveat – арыз беру, подавать заявление

to enter an event- істі тіркеу, зафиксировать (происшествие)

to enter into a contract syn. to ~ into a treaty- келісімге келу, заключать договор

to enter into obligations syn. to ~ into undertaking- өзіне міндет алу, принимать на себя обязательства

to enter the satisfaction – компенсация енгізу, вносить компенсацию

Task 8. Give the English equivalents from the task above.

тіркеу, регистрировать явку; іс қозғау, возбуждать дело; істі тіркеу, зафиксировать (происшествие);келісімге келу, заключать договор; арыз беру, подавать заявление; қылмысқа байланысты іспен айналысу, заниматься делом (о преступлении); өзіне міндет алу, принимать на себя обязательства.

Task 9. Give 5-6 sentences with words given in ex. 16.

Unit 7.

Punishment

The purpose of State Punishment

Task 1. Answer the questions and then make a list of ideas and proposals on this topic.

1. What does ‘The State Punishment’ mean?

2. What kinds of punishment do you know?

3. How do you understand the purpose of State Punishment?

4. How should the punishment be organized?

Task 2. Complete the following text with the words or phrases given below in the appropriate form.

Wrongdoer; misdeeds; barbaric; humane; deterrent; reform; retribution; rehabilitate; law- abiding; crime doesn’t pay; corporal punishment; death penalty.

What is the purpose of punishment? One purpose is obviously to a) ___ the offender, to correct the offender’s moral attitudes and anti-social behavior and to b)___ him or her, which means to assist the offender to return to normal life as a useful member of the community. Punishment can also be seen as a c)___ because it warns other people of what will happen if they are tempted to break the law and so prevents them from doing so. However, a third purpose of punishment lies, perhaps, in society’s desire for d)___, which basically means revenge. In other words, don’t we feel that a e) ___ should suffer for his f) ____? The form of punishment should also be considered. On the other hand, some believe that we should be deprived of their own property to ensure that criminals are left in no doubt that g) ___. For those who attack others h) ___ should be used. Murderers should be subject to the principle ‘an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth’ and automatically receive the i)___ . On the other hand, it is said that such vews are unreasonable, cruel and j)___ and that we should show a more k)___ attitude to punishment and try to understand why a person commits a crime and how society has failed to enable him to live a respectable, l)___ life.

Penalties in England

Task 3. Read the text and examine the chart.

In England there are no minimum sentences, except for murder, which carries a penalty of life imprisonment. There are maximum sentences for other crimes. Crimes are first heard by a magistrate who can either pass sentence, or refer the crime to a Crown Court with a judge and jury. Here are maximum sentences for some crimes. Sentences can be reduced for good behaviour, often by one-third or more. ‘Life sentences’ are rarely more than 14 years, and it would be possible to release prisoners after 7 years.

Crime	Magistrates’ Court		Crown Court
	Fine	Prison	Fine	Prison
Burglary	₤ 1000	6 months	unlimited	14 years
Grievous bodily harm	₤ 1000	6 months	unlimited	5 years
Possession of firearm	₤ 1000	6 months	unlimited	5 years
Possession of cannabis	₤ 500	3 months	unlimited	5 years
Common assault	₤ 200	2 months	unlimited	-
‘Going equipped for stealing’	₤ 1000	6 months	unlimited	3 years
Murder -		-	Life imprisonment

Task 4. These are the general types of punishment in England. Give a Kazakh equivalent for each of them. Which of this punishment exist in your country? Discuss this in your group.

Prison

Suspended sentences: the offender does not go to prison unless he or she commits another offence;

Probation: normal life at home, but under supervision;

Youth custody in special centers for young adults;

Short disciplinary training in a detention centre;

Community service: decorating old people’s houses, etc.;

Compensation: paying, or working for, one’s victim;

Fines: the punishment in 80 per cent of cases;

Disqualification from driving;

Fixed penalty fines: especially for parking offences.

Task 5. Work in pairs and discuss the following.

1. Which punishment do you think is appropriate for each of the following crimes?

a) murder of a policeman;

b) vandalizing a telephone box;

c) drinking and driving, without causing an accident;

d) robbing a supermarket with a gun;

e) stealing goods from a shop.

2. Match these actual sentences from British courts with the crimes in question 1.

a) five to ten years in prison;

b) a small fixed penalty fine;

c) life imprisonment;

d) a ₤400 fine.

Task 6. Match each word on the left with the appropriate definition on the right.

1. an arsonist – attacks and robs people, often in the street

2. a shop-lifter – sets fire to property illegally

3. a mugger – is anyone who breaks the laws

4. an offender – breaks into houses or other buildings to steal

5. a vandal – steals from shops while acting as an ordinary customer

6. a burglar – kills someone

7. a murderer – deliberately causes damage to property

8. a kidnapper – steals things from people’s pockets in crowded places

9. a pickpocket – gets secret information from another country

10. an accomplice – buys and sells drugs illegally

11. a drug dealer – takes away people by force and demands money for their return

12. a spy – helps a criminal in a criminal act

13. a terrorist – uses violence for political reasons

14. an assassin – causes damage or disturbance in public places

15. a hooligan_ hides on a ship or plane to get a free journey

16. a stowaway – takes control of a plane by force and makes the pilot change course

17. a thief – murders for political reasons or a reward

18. a hijacker – is someone who steals

19. a forger – makes counterfeit (false) money or signatures

20. a robber – is a member of a criminal group

21. a smuggler – steals money, etc. by force from people or places

22. a traitor – marries illegally, being married already

23. a gangster – is a soldier who runs away from the army

24. a deserter – brings goods into a country illegally without paying tax

25. a bigamist – betrays his or her country to another state

Task 7. Role play. Work in pairs. Each pair consists of a criminal and a defense lawyer.

Step 1. The lawyer questions his client (the criminal) and finds out all the circumstances of the crime.

Step 2. The lawyer delivers a speech trying to prove his client non guilty.

Step 3. The rest of the group – the jurors- hold deliberations and bring in the verdict.

Task 8. Complete the following sentences with the words and phrases from the box.

Arrested; solicitor; verdict; fine; juvenile delinquent; ball; prosecution; commit; shop-lifting; in custody; evidence; proof; charged; sentenced; Magistrate’s Court; probation; embezzlement; Crown Court; defence; barrister; witness; testimony; arson; burglary; imprisonment.

1. The number of young people who ___crimes has risen sharply in recent years.

2. Another house was broken into last week. This is the third ___ in the area in the past month.

3. The judge__ him to seven years’ __ for armed robbery.

4. After twelve hours, the Jury finally reached its___:the prisoner was guilty.

5. Although the police suspected that he had been invol;ved in the robbery, since they had no definite __ there was nothing they could do about it.

6. He parked his car in the wrong place and had to pay a ₤ 20 parking ___.

7. The shop decided to install closed – circuit television in an effort to combat the problem of ___.

8. He was ___ by the police outside a pub in Soho and ___ with murder.

9. There are two criminal courts in Britain- the __ for minor offences and the ___ for more serious ones.

10. A ___ is a young person who breaks the law.

11. A____ is someone who sees a crime being committed.

12. The lawyer who prepares the case for his or her client prior to appearing in court is called a ___. The lawyer who actually presents the case in court is called a ___.

13. This is the fourth fire in the area recently. The police suspect ___.

14. The sum of money left with a court of law so that a prisoner may be set free until his or her trial comes up is called___.

15. The bank manager admitted taking ₤ 250,000 of the bank’s money during the previous five years. He was found guilty of ___.

16. The witness held the Bible in her right hand and said: ‘I swear by Almighty God that the ___ I shall give shall be the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth.’

17. The formal statement made by a witness in court is called a __.

18. If a person is __, this means that he or she is put in prison before his or her trial comes up.

19. Since it was his first offence, he was not sent to prison but put on ___ for 6 months.

20. At a trial, the barrister who speaks for the accused is called the Counsel for the ___, while the barrister who speakes against him is called the Counsel for the ___.

СРСП 7.

Task 1. Read the text.

Trial by suspicion

Here on earth, justice for Jon Benet’s murderer is not yet in sight. Nearly three years after the bright and beautiful 6-year-old was found bludgeoned and strangled the day after Christmas in her family’s home in Boulder, Col., the case remains America’s most famous and frustrating unsolved crime. On Oct. 13 a Boulder grand jury wrapped up a 13-month inquiry, during which it examined 30,000 pages of testimony and evidence, by ending its term without an indictment, essentially bringing the $ 2 million investigation back to square one. ‘We are no closer to resolution today than we were on Dec. 26, 1996,’ says Graig Silverman, a noted Denver defense attorney who has followed the case closely. ‘It’s all a tremendous mystery.’

At the center of that mystery are John and Patsy Ramsey, the enigmatic and embattled parents of Jon Benet. Authorities have long considered both of them leading suspects in their daughter’s murder, and much of the key evidence- from a ransom note written on paper belonging to the Ramseys to the duct tape used to gag Jon Benet, which reportedly contained fibers consistent with clothing worn by Patsy that evening – has brought them under suspicion. But there is also other, more ambiguous evidence, such as DNA found on Jon Benet’s underwear. ‘The DNA is contaminated; it could belong to anyone,’ says famed pathologist Dr. Henry Lee, who testified for the defense at O.J. Simpson’s criminal trial and who consulted with Boulder prosecutors only days before the grand jury’s decision. Meanwhile, the case against the Ramseys, entirely circumstantial, would most likely not hold up in court. ‘If you look at each piece of evidence, does it tell you who did it? No,’ says Lee. ‘There is no handwriting expert who will definitely say that the ransom note was prepared by someone. They say they have a feeling who wrote it, but you can’t go to court saying ‘I have a feeling.’’

Alex Hunter, the Boulder district attorney in charge of the case, was quick to note that his investigation is continuing, and that John Ramsey, 55, and Patsy, 42, are still suspects. (Colorado Gov. Bill Owens has said he may appoint a special prosecutor but that his decision may be weeks away.) The big question, though, is whether any future investigation will be able to overcome the devastating errors committed by police immediately following the murder- chief among them, allowing John Ramsey to carry his daughter’s body from the basement and cover it with a blanket, thus forever contaminating the crime scene.

Whether or not they ever face prosecution, John and Patsy seem certain to remain under a cloud of suspicion. ‘The Ramsey family lives a nightmare,’ they said in a statement following the grand jury’s decision, their only public comment on the verdict so far. ‘There has been no end to the public lynching and speculation which marred this case from the beginning.’

Still, since leaving Boulder six months after the murder and buying a home in the Atlanta area, the Ramseys and their 12- year- old son, Burke, have quietly resumed many of the activities they enjoyed before Jon Benet’s death. ‘They go to church and they have dinner parties and they boat and they visit and they vacation,’ says Patsy’s mother, Nedra Paugh. ‘They just go on. What else can they do? But, you know, their hearts are gone.’

It wasn’t that long ago that life for the Ramseys seemed close to ideal. John was the CEO of a thriving computer equipment distributor, Access Graphics; his wife, Patsy, was a charming socialite and a former Miss West Virginia. Married in 1980, they had two children, Burke and Jon Benet, and settled into a 15- room faux-Tudor home in Boulder. By the age of 5, Jon Benet was competing in beauty pageants, donning elaborate costumes and heavy makeup to win the title of Little Miss Colorado. The Ramseys have insisted that the pageants were a minor part of their daughter’s life, but dozens of provocative photos of the young beauty queen have undoubtedly fueled public fascination with the case. ‘It suggests some kind of weird sexualization of this child,’ says criminal lawyer Scott Turow, author of several bestselling legal thrillers. ‘That seems like evidence that something was wrong in that household.’

Something was indeed wrong early on the morning of Dec. 25, 1996, when Patsy Ramsey frantically called police to report her daughter missing. Later that day, at the suggestion of a detective – and before police had thoroughly combed the house- John searched his home and emerged from a basement room carrying Jon Benet’s body, a cord attached to a wooden handle wrapped around her neck. Not securing the crime scene proved to be a critical blunder. ‘It was as if the police were attempting to do everything possible to handicap the prosecution,’ says Denver defense attorney Scott Robinson. The Ramseys were also not interviewed separately right after the crime- a mistake many believe was made in deference to their obvious affluence. ‘If these were working class people, they would be in jail by now,’ says Jeff Merrick, a former friend of John Ramsey’s who claims John named him as a suspect to police.

Instead, the investigation has dragged on for years with no smoking gun in sight. Since the murder, the Ramseys have, for the most part, doggedly avoided the public eye. Their friends say they have remained generally upbeat. ‘Burke is always around, so they can’t have their jaws on the ground all the time,’ says Patsy’s close friend Linda McClean. ‘There’s this young boy who has a life to live.’ Burke, 9 years old at the time of the murder, is now a seventh- grader in an exclusive private school in Atlanta. ‘He’s like all 12- year-olds,’ says his grandmother Nedra. ‘He has a laptop, one of the very best money can buy, and he wants to be on that computer all the time. He’s an excellent student.’

The Ramseys, who have been staying in the Atlanta area while their cream- colored brick mansion in the same city is renovated, regularly attend services at the Evangelical church of the Apostles. This summer, the family stayed with friends in Charlevoix, a pictureresque resort community where they once owned a summer home.

Harsh reality intervened in early October, when the Jon Benet grand jury was nearing the end of its term. Regardless of their guilt or innocence, the Ramseys seem trapped in a state of limbo, perpetual suspects unlikely to be either charged or cleared. As the three- year anniversary of Jon Benet’s murder approaches- and as officials remain stumped as to how to bring the case to any kind of resolution- the Ramseys are bracing for another difficult holiday season. ‘Christmas has no meaning to us anymore,’says Patsy’s mother, Nedra. ‘We exchange gifts, but we’re quiet. It’s not like it used to be.’

Task 1. Name the main characters.

Task 2. Make up a plan of the text.

Task 3. What do you think about this article, who is a murderer of Jon Bennet?

Tasks to the text.

1. Find 30 law terms and make up a story of your own using them.

2. Ask 30 questions to the text.

3. Choose 30 sentences and explain the usage of tenses in them.

4. Find 30 prepositions and explain their meaning.

5. Find 30 cases of Past Indefinite and paraphrase them using Subjunctive Mood.

6. Give as many translations to any 30 sentences as possible.

7. Take 30 sentences and paraphrase them using Passive Voice.

Unit 8.